Editing Astana (section)

=== Early years (1830–1918) ===
The settlement of Akmoly was established on the [[Ishim River]] in 1830<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Simon |title=The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order |last2=Klaus |first2=Ian |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=9780300266900 |location=New Haven and London |publication-date=2024}}</ref>{{Rp|page=19}} as the seat of an [[okrug]]. In 1832, the settlement was granted town status and named ''Akmolinsk''.{{sfn|Pospelov|1993|pp=24–25}} The advantages of the position of the town were clear as early as 1863. It describes how picket roads and lines{{definition needed|date=June 2022}} connected this geographic center to [[Kargaly]] in the East, [[Aktau]] Fort in the South and through [[Atbasar]] to [[Kokshetau]] in the West. In 1838, at the height of the great national and liberation movement headed by [[Kenesary Khan]], the Akmolinsk Fortress was burned.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=e-history.kz|title=Revolt of 1837—1849 under the leadership of khan Kenesary|url=http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/272|access-date=13 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114232603/http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/272|archive-date=14 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> After the repression of the liberation movement, the fortress was rebuilt. On 16 July 1863, Akmolinsk was officially declared an [[uyezd]] town.<ref name="History of Astana">{{cite web|publisher=e-history.kz|title=History of Astana|url=http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/380|access-date=13 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114232709/http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/380|archive-date=14 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> During the rapid development of the Russian capitalist market, the huge [[Saryarka — Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan|Saryarka areas]] were actively exploited by the colonial administration. To draft Regulation governing the [[Kazakh steppe]] the Government of the [[Russian Empire]] formed Steppe Commission in 1865.<ref name="The social and economic relations in Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX century">{{cite web|publisher=e-history.kz|title=The social and economic relations in Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX century |date=27 July 2013 |url=http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/148|access-date=13 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1869, Akmolinsk's external district and department were cancelled, and Akmolinsk became the center of the newly established [[Akmolinsk Oblast (Russian Empire)|Akmolinsk Oblast]]. In 1879, Major General Dubelt proposed to build a railway between [[Tyumen]] and Akmolinsk to the Ministry of Communications of Russia. In the course of the first 30 years of its existence, the population of Akmola numbered a trifle more than 2,000 people. Over the next 30 years, the city's population increased by three times according to [[volost]]s and settlements of Akmolinsk Oblast. In 1893, Akmolinsk was an [[uyezd]] with a 6,428 strong population, three churches, five schools and colleges and three factories.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}