Editing Asparagales (section)

=== History ===

==== Pre-Darwinian ====
The [[type genus]], ''[[Asparagus]]'', from which the name of the order is derived, was described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753, with ten species.{{sfn|ps=none|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/325/mode/1up Aparagus vol.&nbsp;i p.&nbsp;325]}} He placed ''Asparagus'' within the ''Hexandria Monogynia'' (six [[stamen]]s, one [[carpel]]) in his [[Linnaean taxonomy|sexual classification]] in the ''[[Species Plantarum]]''.{{sfn|ps=none|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358106#page/285/mode/1up Hexandria monogynia vol.&nbsp;i pp.&nbsp; 285–352]}} The majority of [[taxa]] now considered to constitute Asparagales have historically been placed within the very large and diverse family, [[Liliaceae]]. The family Liliaceae was first described by [[Michel Adanson]] in 1763,{{sfn|ps=none|Lobstein|2013}} and in [[Adanson system|his taxonomic scheme]] he created eight sections within it, including the Asparagi with ''Asparagus'' and three other genera.{{sfn|ps=none|Adanson|1763|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/596/mode/1up Liliaceae: V Asparagi pp.&nbsp;51–52]}} The system of organising genera into families is generally credited to [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]] who formally described both the Liliaceae and the type family of Asparagales, the [[Asparagaceae]], as Lilia and Asparagi, respectively, in 1789.{{sfn|ps=none|Jussieu|1789}} Jussieu established the [[hierarchical]] system of [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] ([[phylogeny]]), placing ''Asparagus'' and related genera within a [[division (botany)|division]] of [[Monocotyledons]], a [[Class (biology)|class]] (III) of ''Stamina Perigynia''{{sfn|ps=none|Jussieu|1789|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125#page/130/mode/1up Stamina Perigynia p.&nbsp;35]}} and 'order' Asparagi, divided into three subfamilies.{{sfn|ps=none|Jussieu|1789|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125#page/135/mode/1up Asparagi pp.&nbsp;40–43]}} The use of the term ''Ordo'' (order) at that time was closer to what we now understand as Family, rather than Order.{{sfn|ps=none|ICN|2011|loc=[http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art18 Names of families and subfamilies, tribes and subtribes p.&nbsp;18.2]}}{{sfn|ps=none|de Candolle|1813|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88297#page/204/mode/1up Des familles et des tribus pp.&nbsp;192–195]}} In creating [[De Jussieu system|his scheme]] he used a modified form of Linnaeus' sexual classification but using the respective topography of stamens to carpels rather than just their numbers. While De Jussieu's ''Stamina Perigynia'' also included a number of 'orders' that would eventually form families within the Asparagales such as the Asphodeli ([[Asphodelaceae]]), Narcissi ([[Amaryllidaceae]]) and Irides ([[Iridaceae]]), the remainder are now allocated to other orders. Jussieu's Asparagi soon came to be referred to as ''Asparagacées'' in the French literature (Latin: Asparagaceae).{{sfn|ps=none|Privat-Deschanel|Focillon|1870|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6gFLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA291 Asparagi p.&nbsp;291]}} Meanwhile, the 'Narcissi' had been renamed as the 'Amaryllidées' (Amaryllideae) in 1805, by [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire]], using ''[[Amaryllis]]'' as the type species rather than ''[[Narcissus (plant)|Narcissus]]'', and thus has the authority attribution for [[Amaryllidaceae]].{{sfn|ps=none|Jaume Saint-Hilaire|1805|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA130 Amaryllidées vol. 1. pp.&nbsp;134–142]}} In 1810, [[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|Brown]] proposed that a subgroup of Liliaceae be distinguished on the basis of the position of the [[Ovary (botany)|ovaries]] and be referred to as Amaryllideae{{sfn|ps=none|Brown|1810|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21871#page/164/mode/1up Prodromus. Amaryllideae p.&nbsp;296]}} and in 1813 [[de Candolle]] described Liliacées Juss. and Amaryllidées Brown as two quite separate families.{{sfn|ps=none|de Candolle|1813|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88297#page/231/mode/1up ''Théorie élémentaire de la botanique''] p.&nbsp;219 }}

The literature on the organisation of genera into families and higher ranks became available in the English language with [[Samuel Frederick Gray]]'s ''A natural arrangement of British plants'' (1821).{{sfn|ps=none|Gray|1821}} Gray used a combination of Linnaeus' sexual classification and Jussieu's natural classification to group together a number of families having in common six equal stamens, a single style and a perianth that was simple and petaloid, but did not use formal names for these higher ranks. Within the grouping he separated families by the characteristics of their fruit and seed. He treated groups of genera with these characteristics as separate families, such as Amaryllideae, Liliaceae, Asphodeleae and Asparageae.{{sfn|ps=none|Gray|1821|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95185#page/10/mode/1up p.vi]}}

[[File:Pancratium maritimum Lindley.jpg|thumb|Amaryllidaceae: Narcisseae – ''[[Pancratium maritimum]]'' [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] [[John Lindley]], Vegetable Kingdom 1846]]
The [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of Asparagales has been a source of difficulty for many botanists from the time of [[John Lindley]] (1846), the other important British taxonomist of the early nineteenth century. In his [[Lindley system|first taxonomic work]], ''An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany'' (1830){{sfn|ps=none|Lindley|1830}} he partly followed Jussieu by describing a subclass he called Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants (preserving de Candolle's ''Endogenæ phanerogamæ''){{sfn|ps=none|Lindley|1830|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31944#page/319/mode/1up Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants p.&nbsp;251]}} divided into two tribes, the [[Petaloidea]] and [[Glumaceae]]. He divided the former, often referred to as petaloid monocots, into 32 orders, including the Liliaceae (defined narrowly), but also most of the families considered to make up the Asparagales today, including the [[Amaryllideae]].

By 1846, in his final scheme{{sfn|ps=none|Lindley|1846}} Lindley had greatly expanded and refined the treatment of the monocots, introducing both an intermediate ranking (Alliances) and tribes within orders (''i.e.'' families). Lindley placed the Liliaceae within the [[Liliales]], but saw it as a [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] ("catch-all") family, being all Liliales not included in the other orders, but hoped that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better. The order Liliales was very large and included almost all monocotyledons with colourful tepals and without starch in their endosperm (the [[lilioid monocot]]s). The Liliales was difficult to divide into families because morphological characters were not present in patterns that clearly demarcated groups. This kept the Liliaceae separate from the Amaryllidaceae (Narcissales). Of these, Liliaceae{{sfn|ps=none|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/274/mode/1up Liliaceae – Lilyworts p.&nbsp;200]}} was divided into eleven tribes (with 133 genera) and Amaryllidaceae{{sfn|ps=none|Lindley|1846|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32198#page/229/mode/1up Amaryllidaceae – Amaryllids p.&nbsp;155]}} into four tribes (with 68 genera), yet both contained many genera that would eventually segregate to each other's contemporary orders (Liliales and Asparagales respectively). The Liliaceae would be reduced to a small 'core' represented by the tribe Tulipae, while large groups such [[Scilleae]] and [[Asparagaceae|Asparagae]] would become part of Asparagales either as part of the Amaryllidaceae or as separate families. While of the Amaryllidaceae, the [[Agavaceae|Agaveae]] would be part of Asparagaceae but the [[Alstroemeriaceae|Alstroemeriae]] would become a family within the [[Liliales]].

The number of known genera (and species) continued to grow and by the time of the next major British classification, that of the [[Bentham & Hooker system]] in 1883 (published in Latin) several of Lindley's other families had been absorbed into the Liliaceae.{{sfn|ps=none|Bentham|Hooker|1883}} They used the term 'series' to indicate suprafamilial rank, with seven series of monocotyledons (including Glumaceae), but did not use Lindley's terms for these. However, they did place the Liliaceous and Amaryllidaceous genera into separate series. The Liliaceae{{sfn|ps=none|Bentham|Hooker|1883|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/309/mode/1up Liliaceae p.&nbsp;748]}} were placed in series Coronariae, while the Amaryllideae{{sfn|ps=none|Bentham|Hooker|1883|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/272/mode/1up Amaryllideae p.&nbsp;711]}} were placed in series Epigynae. The Liliaceae now consisted of twenty tribes (including Tulipeae, Scilleae and Asparageae), and the Amaryllideae of five (including Agaveae and Alstroemerieae). An important addition to the treatment of the Liliaceae was the recognition of the [[Allieae]]{{sfn|ps=none|Bentham|Hooker|1883|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14690#page/309/mode/1up Allieae p.&nbsp;798]}} as a distinct tribe that would eventually find its way to the Asparagales as the subfamily [[Allioideae]] of the Amaryllidaceae.

==== Post-Darwinian ====
The appearance of [[Charles Darwin]]'s [[Origin of Species]] in 1859 changed the way that taxonomists considered plant classification, incorporating evolutionary information into their schemata. The [[Darwinian]] approach led to the concept of [[phylogeny]] (tree-like structure) in assembling classification systems, starting with [[Eichler system|Eichler]].{{sfn|ps=none|Stuessy|2009|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b9Q2EOkw7toC&pg=PA47 Phyletic (evolutionary) classification p.&nbsp;47]}} [[August Eichler|Eichler]], having established a [[hierarchical]] system in which the flowering plants ([[angiosperm]]s) were divided into [[monocotyledons]] and [[dicotyledons]], further divided into former into seven orders. Within the [[Liliiflorae]] were seven families, including Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae. Liliaceae included ''[[Allium]]'' and ''[[Ornithogalum]]'' (modern [[Allioideae]]) and ''[[Asparagus]]''.{{sfn|ps=none|Eichler|1886|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XE0bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA34 Liliiflorae p.&nbsp;34]}}

[[Adolf Engler|Engler]], in his [[Engler system|system]] developed Eichler's ideas into a much more elaborate scheme which he treated in a number of works including ''[[Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien]]'' (Engler and [[Karl Anton Prantl|Prantl]] 1888){{sfn|ps=none|Engler|Prantl|1888}} and ''[[Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien]]'' (1892–1924).{{sfn|ps=none|Engler|1903}} In his treatment of Liliiflorae the Liliineae were a suborder which included both families Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae. The Liliaceae{{sfn|ps=none|Engler|Prantl|1888|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/56456#page/672/mode/1up Liliaceae II(5) pp.&nbsp;10–91]}} had eight subfamilies and the Amaryllidaceae{{sfn|ps=none|Engler|Prantl|1888|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/56456#page/759/mode/1up Amaryllidaceae II(5) pp.&nbsp;97–124]}} four. In this rearrangement of Liliaceae, with fewer subdivisions, the core Liliales were represented as subfamily [[Lilioideae]] (with Tulipae and Scilleae as tribes), the Asparagae were represented as Asparagoideae and the [[Allioideae]] was preserved, representing the alliaceous genera. [[Allieae]], [[Agapantheae]] and [[Gilliesieae]] were the three tribes within this subfamily.{{sfn|ps=none|Engler|1903|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63778#page/130/mode/1up Subfamily Allioideae p.&nbsp;96]}} In the Amaryllidaceae, there was little change from the Bentham & Hooker. A similar approach was adopted by [[Richard Wettstein|Wettstein]].{{sfn|ps=none|Wettstein|1924|loc=[http://biolib.mpipz.mpg.de/wettstein/botanik/high/IMG_5926.html Liliiflorae p.&nbsp;862]}}

==== Twentieth century ====
[[File:Poeticus Wettstein.jpg|thumb|Longitudinal section of ''[[Narcissus poeticus]]'', [[R Wettstein]] ''Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik'' 1901–1924]]In the twentieth century the [[Wettstein system]] (1901–1935) placed many of the taxa in an order called 'Liliiflorae'.{{sfn|ps=none|Wettstein|1924|loc=p.862}} Next [[Johannes Paulus Lotsy]] (1911) proposed dividing the [[Liliiflorae]] into a number of smaller families including [[Asparagaceae]].{{sfn|ps=none|Lotsy|1907–1911|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/68460#page/749/mode/1up Liliifloren: Asparaginaceae p.&nbsp;743]}} Then [[Herbert Huber (botanist)|Herbert Huber]] (1969, 1977), following Lotsy's example, proposed that the Liliiflorae be split into four groups including the  'Asparagoid' [[Liliiflorae]].{{sfn|ps=none|Huber|1969|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52263#page/724/mode/1up Die asparagoiden Liliifloren p.&nbsp;304]}}{{sfn|ps=none|Huber|1977}}
The widely used [[Cronquist system]] (1968–1988){{sfn|ps=none|Cronquist|1968}}{{sfn|ps=none|Cronquist|1981}}{{sfn|ps=none|Cronquist|1988}} used the very broadly defined order Liliales.

These various proposals to separate small groups of genera into more homogeneous families made little impact till that of [[Dahlgren system|Dahlgren]] (1985) incorporating new information including [[synapomorphy]]. Dahlgren developed Huber's ideas further and popularised them, with a major deconstruction of existing families into smaller units. They created a new [[order (biology)|order]], calling it Asparagales. This was one of five orders within the superorder Liliiflorae.{{sfn|ps=none|Dahlgren|Clifford|Yeo|1985|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC&pg=PA129 Order Asparagales]}} Where Cronquist saw one family, Dahlgren saw forty distributed over three orders (predominantly [[Liliales]] and Asparagales).{{sfn|ps=none|Walters|Keil|1996}}{{sfn|ps=none|Kelch|2002}} Over the 1980s, in the context of a more general review of the classification of [[angiosperms]], the Liliaceae were subjected to more intense scrutiny. By the end of that decade, the [[Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew]], the [[British Museum of Natural History]] and the [[Edinburgh Botanical Gardens]] formed a committee to examine the possibility of separating the family at least for the organization of their [[herbaria]]. That committee finally recommended that 24 new families be created in the place of the original broad Liliaceae, largely by elevating subfamilies to the rank of separate families.{{sfn|ps=none|Mathew|1989}}