Editing Arthur Rimbaud (section)

=== Schooling and teen years (1861–1871) ===
Fearing her children were being over-influenced by the neighbouring children of the poor, Mme Rimbaud moved her family to the Cours d'Orléans in 1862.{{sfn|Starkie|1973|p=33}} This was a better neighbourhood, and the boys, now aged nine and eight, who had been taught at home by their mother, were now sent to the Pension Rossat, an old but well-regarded school. Throughout the five years that they attended the school, however, their formidable mother still imposed her will upon them, pushing them for scholastic success. She would punish her sons by making them learn a hundred lines of Latin verse by heart, and further punish any mistakes by depriving them of meals.{{sfn|Rickword|1971|p=4}} When Arthur was nine, he wrote a 700-word essay objecting to his having to learn Latin in school. Vigorously condemning a classical education as a mere gateway to a salaried position, he wrote repeatedly, "I will be a [[:wikt:rentier|rentier]]".{{sfn|Rickword|1971|p=4}} Arthur disliked schoolwork and resented his mother's constant supervision; the children were not allowed out of their mother's sight, and until they were fifteen and sixteen respectively, she would walk them home from school.{{sfn|Starkie|1973|p=36}}

[[File:RimbaudCommunion1.jpg|thumb|Rimbaud on the day of his [[First Communion]]{{sfn|Jeancolas|1998|p=26}}]]
As a boy, Arthur Rimbaud was small and pale with light brown hair, and eyes that his lifelong best friend, [[Ernest Delahaye]], described as "pale blue irradiated with dark blue—the loveliest eyes I've seen".{{sfn|Ivry|1998|p=12}} An ardent Catholic like his mother, he had his [[First Communion]] when he was eleven. His piety earned him the schoolyard nickname "{{lang|fr|sale petit [[Cagot]]}}".{{sfn|Delahaye|1974|p=273|ps=. Trans. "dirty hypocrite" {{harv|Starkie|1973|p=38}} or "sanctimonious little so and so" {{harv|Robb|2000|p=35}}}} That same year, he and his brother were sent to the {{lang|fr|Collège de Charleville|italic=no}}. Up to then, his reading had been largely confined to the Bible,{{sfn|Rickword|1971|p=9}} though he had also enjoyed fairy tales and adventure stories, such as the novels of [[James Fenimore Cooper]] and [[Gustave Aimard]].{{sfn|Starkie|1973|p=37}} At the Collège he became a highly successful student, heading his class in all subjects except mathematics and the sciences; his schoolmasters remarked upon his ability to absorb great quantities of material. He won eight first prizes in the French academic competitions in 1869, including the prize for Religious Education, and the following year won seven first prizes.{{sfn|Robb|2000|p=32}}

Hoping for a brilliant academic career for her second son, Mme Rimbaud hired a private tutor for Arthur when he reached the third grade.{{sfn|Starkie|1973|p=39}} Father Ariste Lhéritier succeeded in sparking in the young scholar a love of Greek, Latin and French classical literature, and was the first to encourage the boy to write original verse, in both French and Latin.<ref>Rimbaud's [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/rimbaud.html Ver erat] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316133225/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/rimbaud.html |date=16 March 2015 }}, which he wrote at age 14, at the [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ Latin Library], with an English [https://web.archive.org/web/20091231161509/http://www.lloydsmiley.com/Poetry___.php translation].</ref> Rimbaud's first poem to appear in print was "{{lang|fr|Les Étrennes des orphelins}}" ("The Orphans' New Year's Gifts"), which was published in the 2 January 1870 issue of {{lang|fr|La Revue pour tous}}; he was just 15.{{sfn|Robb|2000|p=30}}

Two weeks later, a new teacher of rhetoric, the 22-year-old [[Georges Izambard]], started at the Collège de Charleville.{{sfnm|Robb|2000|1pp=33–34|Lefrère|2001|2pp=104 & 109}} Izambard became Rimbaud's mentor, and soon a close friendship formed between teacher and student, with Rimbaud seeing Izambard as a kind of elder brother.{{sfn|Steinmetz|2001|p=29}} At the age of 15, Rimbaud was showing maturity as a poet; the first poem he showed Izambard, "{{lang|fr|Ophélie|italic=no}}", would later be included in anthologies, and is often regarded as one of Rimbaud's three or four best poems.{{sfn|Robb|2000|pp=33–34}} On 4 May 1870, Rimbaud's mother wrote to Izambard to object to his having given Rimbaud [[Victor Hugo]]'s {{lang|fr|[[Les Misérables]]}} to read, as she thought the book dangerous to the morals of a child.{{sfnm|Starkie|1973|1pp=48–49|Robb|2000|2p=40}}

The [[Franco-Prussian War]], between [[Napoleon III]]'s [[Second French Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], broke out on 19 July 1870.{{sfn|Robb|2000|pp=41–42}} Five days later, Izambard left Charleville for the summer to stay with his three aunts – the Misses Gindre – in [[Douai]].{{sfn|Robb|2000|pp=41–42}} In the meantime, preparations for war continued and the Collège de Charleville became a military hospital.{{sfn|Robb|2000|p=44}} By the end of August, with the countryside in turmoil, Rimbaud was bored and restless.{{sfn|Robb|2000|p=44}} In search of adventure he ran away by train to Paris without funds for his ticket.{{sfn|Robb|2000|pp=46–50}} On arrival at the {{lang|fr|[[Gare du Nord]]|italic=no}}, he was arrested and locked up in [[Mazas Prison]] to await trial for fare evasion and vagrancy.{{sfn|Robb|2000|pp=46–50}} On 5 September, Rimbaud wrote a desperate letter to Izambard,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rimbaud|first=Arthur|date=5 September 1870|title=Lettre de Rimbaud à Georges Izambard – 5 septembre 1870 – Wikisource|url=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Lettre_de_Rimbaud_%C3%A0_Georges_Izambard_-_5_septembre_1870|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-10|website=fr.wikisource.org|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013200432/http://fr.wikisource.org:80/wiki/Lettre_de_Rimbaud_%C3%A0_Georges_Izambard_-_5_septembre_1870 |archive-date=13 October 2007 }}</ref> who arranged with the prison governor that Rimbaud be released into his care.{{sfnm|Robb|2000|1pp=46–50|Starkie|1973|2pp=60–61}} As hostilities were continuing, he stayed with the Misses Gindre in Douai until he could be returned to Charleville.{{sfnm|Robb|2000|1pp=46–50|Starkie|1973|2pp=60–61}} Izambard finally handed Rimbaud over to Mme Rimbaud on 27 September 1870 (his mother reportedly slapped him in the face and admonished Izambard<ref>Georges Izambard, ''Rimbaud tel que je l'ai connu'', Mercure de France, 1963, chap. IV, p. 33-34.</ref>), but he was at home for only ten days before running away again.{{sfnm|Robb|2000|1p=51|Starkie|1973|2pp=54–65}}

From late October 1870, Rimbaud's behaviour became openly provocative; he drank alcohol, spoke rudely, composed scatological poems, stole books from local shops, and abandoned his characteristically neat appearance by allowing his hair to grow long.{{sfn|Ivry|1998|p=22}} On 13 and 15 May 1871, he wrote letters (later called the {{lang|fr|lettres du voyant}} by scholars),{{sfn|Leuwers|1998|pp=7–10}} to Izambard and his friend Paul Demeny respectively, about his method for attaining poetical transcendence or visionary power through a "long, immense and rational derangement of all the senses" (to Demeny). "The sufferings are enormous, but one must be strong, be born a poet, and I have recognized myself as a poet" (to Izambard).{{sfn|Ivry|1998|p=24}}