Editing Araceae (section)

==Taxonomy==

===Phylogeny===
Phylogeny based on the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]].<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]] |version=13 | last=Stevens | first=P.F. | year=2001 | title=Araceae |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/alismatalesweb.htm#Araceae | access-date= 30 December 2017}}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%
|label1='''Araceae'''
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
    |1=[[Gymnostachydoideae]] <small>Bogner & Nicolson 1991</small> [[File:Gymnostachys_anceps.jpg|60px]]
    |2=[[Orontioideae]] <small>Brown ex Müller 1860</small> [[File:WesternSkunkCabbage.JPG|60px]]
     }}
  |2={{clade
    |1=[[Lemnoideae]] [[File:Duckweeds.jpg|80px]]
    |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
        |1=[[Pothoideae]] <small>Engler 1876</small> [[File:Anthurium3.JPG|60px]]
        |2=[[Monsteroideae]] <small>Engler 1876</small> [[Monstera adansonii CBM.png|60px]]
         }}
      |2={{clade
        |1=[[Lasioideae]] <small>Engler 1876</small> [[File:ArumWynaad.jpg|60px]]
        |2={{clade
          |1=[[Zamioculcadoideae]] <small>Bogner & Hesse 2005</small> [[File:Zamioculcas_zamiifolia_1.jpg|60px]]<!--flowering image needed-->
          |2=[[Aroideae]] <small>Arnott 1832</small> [[File:Arum palaestinum flower.jpg|60px]] 
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}

===Classification===
One of the earliest observations of species in the Araceae was conducted by [[Theophrastus]] in his work ''[[Enquiry into Plants]]''.<ref name=Aroids>{{cite book|last=Bown|first=Deni|title=Aroids: plants of the Arum family|year=2000|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=0881924857|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIbwAAAAMAAJ&q=Araceae+Enquiry+into+Plants}}</ref>  The Araceae were not recognized as a distinct group of plants until the 16th century. In 1789, [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]] classified all climbing aroids as ''Pothos'' and all terrestrial aroids as either ''Arum'' or ''Dracontium'' in his book ''Familles des Plantes''.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

The first major system of classification for the family was produced by [[Heinrich Wilhelm Schott]], who published ''Genera Aroidearum'' in 1858 and ''Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum'' in 1860. Schott's system was based on floral characteristics, and used a narrow conception of a genus. [[Adolf Engler]] produced a classification in 1876, which was steadily refined up to 1920. His system is significantly different from Schott's, being based more on vegetative characters and anatomy. The two systems were to some extent rivals, with Engler's having more adherents before the advent of [[molecular phylogenetics]] brought new approaches.<ref name=Gray90>{{Citation |last=Grayum |first=Michael H. |year=1990 |title=Evolution and Phylogeny of the Araceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=628–697 |doi=10.2307/2399668 |jstor=2399668 }}</ref>

A comprehensive taxonomy of Araceae was published by Mayo et al. in 1997.<ref name="Mayo 1997">{{cite book | last=Mayo | first=S. J. | last2=Bogner | first2=J. | last3=Boyce | first3=P. C.| title=The genera of Araceae | publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew | publication-place=London | date=1997 | isbn=1-900347-22-9 | oclc=60140655}}</ref>

Modern studies based on gene sequences show the Araceae (including the [[Lemnoideae]], duckweeds) to be [[monophyletic]], and the first diverging group within the [[Alismatales]].<ref name=APweb_Araceae>{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F.  |title=Araceae|work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/alismatalesweb.htm#Araceae }}</ref> The [[APG III system]] of 2009 recognizes the family, including the genera formerly segregated in the Lemnaceae.<ref name=APG3>{{Cite journal|last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III|year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The sinking of the Lemnaceae into the Araceae was not immediately universally accepted. For example, the 2010 ''New Flora of the British Isles'' used a [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] Araceae and a separate Lemnaceae.<ref name=Stace3>{{Citation |last=Stace |first=C.A. |author-link = Clive Stace |year=2010 |title=New Flora of the British Isles |edition=Third |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-70772-5 }} pp. 830–834.</ref> However ''Lemna'' and its allies were incorporated in Araceae in the 2019 edition.<ref name=Stace4>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|author-link = Stace, C. A.|year=2019|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Fourth|publisher=C & M Floristics|location = Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.| isbn=978-1-5272-2630-2}}</ref>{{rp|872}} A comprehensive [[genomic]] study of ''[[Spirodela polyrhiza]]'' was published in February 2014.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=W.|last2=Haberer|first2=G.|last3=Gundlach|first3=H.|last4=Gläßer|first4=C.|last5=Nussbaumer|first5=T.|last6=Luo|first6=M. C.|last7=Lomsadze|first7=A.|last8=Borodovsky|first8=M.|last9=Kerstetter|first9=R. A.|last10=Shanklin|first10=J.|last11=Byrant|first11=D. W.|last12=Mockler|first12=T. C.|last13=Appenroth|first13=K. J.|last14=Grimwood|first14=J.|last15=Jenkins|first15=J.|last16=Chow|first16=J.|last17=Choi|first17=C.|last18=Adam|first18=C.|last19=Cao|first19=X.-H.|last20=Fuchs|first20=J.|last21=Schubert|first21=I.|last22=Rokhsar|first22=D.|last23=Schmutz|first23=J.|last24=Michael|first24=T. P.|last25=Mayer|first25=K. F. X.|last26=Messing|first26=J|title=The ''Spirodela polyrhiza'' genome reveals insights into its neotenous reduction fast growth and aquatic lifestyle|journal=Nature Communications|date=2014|volume=5|page=3311|doi=10.1038/ncomms4311|pmid=24548928|pmc=3948053|bibcode=2014NatCo...5.3311W}}</ref>

===Genera===
{{main|List of Araceae genera}}
[[File:Arum maculatum 0 700.jpg|thumb|The cuckoo-pint or lords and ladies (''[[Arum maculatum]]'') is a common arum in British woodlands.]]
[[File:Arisaema triphyllum.jpg|thumb|''[[Arisaema triphyllum]]'']]

143 genera are accepted within the Araceae.<ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000216-2 Araceae Juss.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 28 April 2024.</ref> ''[[Anthurium]]'', ''[[Epipremnum]]'', ''[[Monstera]]'', ''[[Philodendron]]'' and ''[[Zantedeschia]]'' are some of the most well-known genera of the family, as are the ''[[Colocasia]]'' (taro, ''arbi'') and ''[[Xanthosoma]]'' ('elephant-ear', ‘ape), which are both cultivated for human consumption. The largest unbranched inflorescence in the world is that of the arum ''Amorphophallus titanum'' (titan arum).<ref name="Titan Arum">{{cite web|title=Titan Arum FAQs {{!}} Biological Sciences Greenhouse|url=http://bioscigreenhouse.osu.edu/titan-arum-faqs|work=[[Ohio State University]]|access-date=17 January 2014|date=2012-05-16}}</ref>  

The Araceae includes many ornamental genera of global economic importance: ''[[Aglaonema]]'', ''Alocasia'', ''Anthurium'', ''[[Caladium]]'', ''Dieffenbachia'', ''Epipremnum'', ''[[Homalomena]], Monstera'', ''[[Nephthytis]]'', ''[[Rhaphidophora]]'', ''[[Scindapsus]]'', ''[[Spathiphyllum]]'', ''[[Syngonium]]'', and ''[[Zamioculcas]]'', to name but a few. The aquatic genera ''[[Anubias]]'', ''[[Bucephalandra]]'' and ''[[Cryptocoryne]]'' are highly prized and cultivated aquarium plants; other, recently-described genera, such as the ''[[Lagenandra]]'' of India, are gradually becoming more known in the [[aquascaping]] world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aquarium Cryptocoryne Plants|url=http://www.fishchannel.com/freshwater-aquariums/planted-tank/crypt-aquarium-plants.aspx|work=[[Aquarium Fish International]]|access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> ''[[Philodendron]]'' is an important genus in the ecosystems of [[Neotropical realm|neotropical]] [[rainforest]]s, and is widely used in home and interior decorating. ''[[Symplocarpus]] foetidus'' (skunk cabbage) is a common eastern North American species. An interesting peculiarity is that this family includes the largest unbranched inflorescence, that of the [[titan arum]],<ref name="Titan Arum" /> often erroneously called the "largest flower", and the smallest flowering plant and smallest fruit, in the [[Lemnoideae|duckweed]], ''[[Wolffia]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the smallest flower in the world?|url=http://loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/smallestflower.html|work=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref>