Editing Apraxia (section)

==Diagnosis==
Although qualitative and quantitative studies exist, little consensus exists on the proper method to assess for apraxia. The criticisms of past methods include failure to meet standard [[Psychometrics|psychometric]] properties and research-specific designs that translate poorly to nonresearch use.<ref name=Vanbellingen>{{cite journal | title = Apraxia in neurorehabilitation: Classification, assessment and treatment | journal = NeuroRehabilitation | year = 2011 | first = T. | last = Vanbellingen |author2=Bohlhalter, S. | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–98| pmid = 21447909 | doi = 10.3233/NRE-2011-0637}}</ref>

The Test to Measure Upper Limb Apraxia (TULIA) is one method of determining upper limb apraxia through the qualitative and quantitative assessment of [[gesture]] production. In contrast to previous publications on apraxic assessment, the [[Reliability (statistics)|reliability]] and [[Validity (statistics)|validity]] of TULIA was thoroughly investigated.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Comprehensive assessment of gesture production: a new test to measure upper limb apraxia | journal = European Journal of Neurology | year = 2010 | first = T. | last = Vanbellingen |author2=Kersten, B. |author3=Van Hemelrijk, B. |author4=Van de Winckel, A.L.J. |author5=Bertschi, M. |author6=Muri, R. |author7=De Weerdt, W. |author8=Bohlhalter, S. | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 59–66| pmid = 19614961 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02741.x| s2cid = 13328067 }}</ref> The TULIA consists of subtests for the imitation and pantomime of nonsymbolic ("put your index finger on top of your nose"), intransitive ("wave goodbye"), and transitive ("show me how to use a hammer") gestures.<ref name=Vanbellingen /> Discrimination (differentiating between well- and poorly performed tasks) and recognition (indicating which object corresponds to a pantomimed gesture) tasks are also often tested for a full apraxia evaluation.<ref name=Vanbellingen />

However, a strong [[correlation]] may not be seen between formal test results and actual performance in everyday functioning or [[activities of daily living]] (ADLs). A comprehensive assessment of apraxia should include formal testing, standardized measurements of ADLs, observation of daily routines, self-report questionnaires, and targeted interviews with the patients and their relatives.<ref name=Vanbellingen />

As stated above, apraxia should not be confused with [[aphasia]] (the inability to understand language); however, they frequently occur together. Apraxia is so often accompanied by aphasia that many believe that if a person displays AOS, then the patient also having some level of aphasia should be assumed.<ref>(Manasco, 2014)</ref>