Editing Anxiety (section)

==Types==
There are various types of anxiety. [[Existential]] anxiety can occur when a person faces [[angst]], an [[existential crisis]], or [[Nihilism|nihilistic]] feelings. People can also face [[mathematical anxiety]], [[somatic anxiety]], [[stage fright]], or [[test anxiety]]. [[Social anxiety]] refers to a fear of rejection and negative evaluation (being judged) by other people.<ref name="DSM-5 189" />

===Existential===
{{Further|Angst|Existential crisis|Nihilism}}
The philosopher [[Søren Kierkegaard]], in ''[[The Concept of Anxiety]]'' (1844), described anxiety or dread associated with the "dizziness of freedom" and suggested the possibility for positive resolution of anxiety through the self-conscious exercise of responsibility and choosing. In ''Art and Artist'' (1932), the psychologist [[Otto Rank]] wrote that the [[psychological trauma]] of birth was the pre-eminent human symbol of existential anxiety and encompasses the creative person's simultaneous fear of – and desire for – separation, individuation, and differentiation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book| vauthors = Rank O |title=Art and Artist|publisher=Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc.|year=1932|isbn=978-0-393-30574-6}}</ref>

The [[theology|theologian]] [[Paul Tillich]] characterized existential anxiety<ref name="Tillich">{{cite book |author-link=Paul Tillich | vauthors = Tillich P |year=1952 |title=The Courage To Be |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-08471-9|page=76}}</ref> as "the state in which a [[being]] is aware of its possible nonbeing" and he listed three categories for the nonbeing and resulting anxiety: [[ontic]] (fate and death), [[Morality|moral]] ([[guilt (emotion)|guilt]] and condemnation), and [[Spirituality|spiritual]] (emptiness and [[Meaning (existential)|meaninglessness]]). According to Tillich, the last of these three types of existential anxiety, i.e. spiritual anxiety, is predominant in modern times while the others were predominant in earlier periods. Tillich argues that this anxiety can be [[Acceptance#Self-acceptance|accepted]] as part of the [[human condition]] or it can be resisted but with negative consequences. In its pathological form, spiritual anxiety may tend to "drive the person toward the creation of certitude in systems of meaning which are supported by [[tradition]] and [[authority]]" even though such "undoubted certitude is not built on the rock of [[reality]]".<ref name="Tillich" />

According to [[Viktor Frankl]], the author of ''[[Man's Search for Meaning]]'', when a person is faced with extreme mortal dangers, the most basic of all human wishes is to find a [[meaning of life]] to combat the "trauma of nonbeing" as death is near.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Abulof U |title=The Mortality and Morality of Nations|date=2015|location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-09707-0|page=26}}</ref>

Depending on the source of the threat, [[psychoanalytic theory]] distinguishes three types of anxiety: realistic, [[Neurosis|neurotic]] and moral.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hjelle L, Ziegler D |date= 1981 |title= Personality Theories: Basic Assumptions, Research, and Applications|publisher=McGraw-Hill |page=494 |isbn= 978-0-07-029063-1 }}</ref>

===Test, performance, and competitive===
<!-- This section is linked from [[Educational psychology]] -->

==== Test ====
{{Main|Test anxiety|Mathematical anxiety}}
According to [[Yerkes-Dodson law]], an optimal level of arousal is necessary to best complete a task such as an exam, performance, or competitive event. However, when the anxiety or level of arousal exceeds that optimum, the result is a decline in performance.<ref name="Teigen">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/0959354394044004 |title=Yerkes-Dodson: A Law for all Seasons |journal=Theory & Psychology |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=525–547 |year=1994 |vauthors=Teigen KH |s2cid=145516099}}</ref>

Test anxiety is the uneasiness, apprehension, or nervousness felt by students who have a fear of failing an [[Test (student assessment)|exam]]. Students who have test anxiety may experience any of the following: the association of [[Grading in education|grades]] with [[Self-esteem|personal worth]]; fear of embarrassment by a teacher; fear of [[Social alienation|alienation]] from parents or friends; time pressures; or feeling a loss of control. Sweating, dizziness, headaches, racing heartbeats, nausea, fidgeting, uncontrollable crying or laughing and drumming on a desk are all common.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Colangelo |first1=Raychel |last2=Audet |first2=Karyn |date=2020-12-31 |title=Stress in Post-Secondary: Toward an Understanding of Test-Anxiety, Cognitive Performance, and Brief Mindfulness Meditation |journal=Behavioural Sciences Undergraduate Journal |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31–44 |doi=10.29173/bsuj500 |issn=2562-4687|doi-access=free }}</ref> Because test anxiety hinges on [[fear of negative evaluation]],<ref name="Liebert">{{cite journal |vauthors=Liebert RM, Morris LW |title=Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: a distinction and some initial data |journal=Psychological Reports |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=975–978 |date=June 1967 |pmid=6042522 |doi=10.2466/pr0.1967.20.3.975 |s2cid=33689633 |doi-access=}}</ref> debate exists as to whether test anxiety is itself a unique anxiety disorder or whether it is a specific type of social [[phobia]].<ref name="Beidel">{{cite journal |vauthors=Beidel DC, Turner SM |title=Comorbidity of test anxiety and other anxiety disorders in children |journal=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=275–287 |date=June 1988 |pmid=3403811 |doi=10.1007/BF00913800 |s2cid=38476947}}</ref> The DSM-IV classifies test anxiety as a type of social phobia.<ref name="Rapee">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rapee RM, Heimberg RG |title=A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia |journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy |volume=35 |issue=8 |pages=741–756 |date=August 1997 |pmid=9256517 |doi=10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00022-3}}</ref>

Research indicates that test anxiety among U.S. high-school and college students has been rising since the late 1950s. Test anxiety remains a challenge for students, regardless of age, and has considerable physiological and psychological impacts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stearns |first1=Peter |title=Student Anxiety and Its Impact: A Recent American History |journal=History of Education Quarterly |date=May 2023 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=271–297 |doi=10.1017/heq.2023.10|s2cid=258190141 }}</ref> Management of test anxiety focuses on achieving relaxation and developing mechanisms to manage anxiety.<ref name="Mathur">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mathur S, Khan W |year=2011 |title=Impact of Hypnotherapy on Examination Anxiety and Scholastic Performance among School |url=http://medind.nic.in/daa/t11/i2/daat11i2p337.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Delhi Psychiatry Journal |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=337–342 |citeseerx=10.1.1.1027.7497 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://medind.nic.in/daa/t11/i2/daat11i2p337.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> The routine practice of slow, Device-Guided Breathing (DGB) is a
major component of behavioral treatments for anxiety conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ovadia-Blechman Z, Tarrasch R, Velicki M, Chalutz Ben-Gal H |title=Reducing Test Anxiety by Device-Guided Breathing: A Pilot Study |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |year=2022 |volume=13 |page=678098 |url=https://english.afeka.ac.il/media/2235899/frintiers-in-psychology-2022.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://english.afeka.ac.il/media/2235899/frintiers-in-psychology-2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2022.678098 |pmid=35677145 |pmc=9167931 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Performance and competitive ====
{{Main|Stage fright|Somatic anxiety|Sport psychology}}
[[Stage fright|Performance anxiety]] and competitive anxiety ([[doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803377-7.00018-1|competitive trait anxiety, competitive state anxiety]]) happen when an individual's performance is measured against others. An important distinction between competitive and non-competitive anxiety is that competitive anxiety makes people view their performance as a threat.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rice SM, Purcell R, De Silva S, Mawren D, McGorry PD, Parker AG | title = The Mental Health of Elite Athletes: A Narrative Systematic Review | journal = Sports Medicine | volume = 46 | issue = 9 | pages = 1333–1353 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 26896951 | pmc = 4996886 | doi = 10.1007/s40279-016-0492-2 }}</ref> As a result, they experience a drop in their ordinary ability, whether physical or mental, due to that perceived stress.<ref name=":12">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ford JL, Ildefonso K, Jones ML, Arvinen-Barrow M | title = Sport-related anxiety: current insights | language = English | journal = Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 8 | pages = 205–212 | date = 2017-10-27 | pmid = 29138604 | pmc = 5667788 | doi = 10.2147/OAJSM.S125845 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Competitive anxiety is caused by a range of internal factors including high expectations, outside pressure,<ref name=":12" /> lack of experience, and external factors like the location of a competition.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Kang H, Jang S |date=2018-08-13 |title=Effects of competition anxiety on self-confidence in soccer players: Modulation effects of home and away games. |journal=Journal of Men's Health |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=62–68 |doi=10.22374/1875-6859.14.3.9 |issn=1875-6867|doi-access=free }}</ref> It commonly occurs in those participating in high pressure activities like sports and debates. Some common symptoms of competitive anxiety include muscle tension, fatigue, weakness, sense of panic, apprehensiveness, and panic attacks.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rowland DL, van Lankveld JJ | title = Anxiety and Performance in Sex, Sport, and Stage: Identifying Common Ground | journal = Frontiers in Psychology | volume = 10 | pages = 1615 | date = 2019 | pmid = 31379665 | pmc = 6646850 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01615 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

There are [[Sport psychology#Arousal anxiety and stress|4 major theories]] of how anxiety affects performance: Drive theory, Inverted U theory, Reversal theory, and The Zone of Optimal Functioning theory.

''Drive theory'' believes that anxiety is positive and performance improves proportionally to the level of anxiety. This theory is not well accepted.<ref name = "Jarvis_2006">{{Cite book |vauthors=Jarvis M |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60971762 |title=Sport psychology : a student's handbook |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1-84169-581-5 |location=London |oclc=60971762 |access-date=2023-03-30 |archive-date=2024-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223203105/https://search.worldcat.org/title/60971762 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ''Inverted U theory'' is based on the idea that performance peaks at a moderate stress level. It is called Inverted U theory because the graph that plots performance against anxiety looks like an inverted "U".<ref name = "Jarvis_2006" />

''Reversal theory'' suggests that performance increases in relation to the individual's interpretation of their arousal levels. If they believed their physical arousal level would help them, their performance would increase, if they didn't, their performance would decrease.<ref name=":12" /> For example: Athletes were shown to worry more when focusing on results and perfection rather than the effort and growth involved.<ref name=":0" />

The ''Zone of Optimal Functioning theory'' proposes that there is a zone where positive and [[negative emotion]]s are in a balance which lead to feelings of dissociation and intense concentration, optimizing the individual's performance levels.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470479216 |title=The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology |date=2010-01-30 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-17024-3 |veditors=Weiner IB, Craighead WE |edition=1st |language=en |doi=10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0626 |access-date=2023-03-30 |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330062206/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470479216 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Stranger, social, and intergroup anxiety===
{{Main|Stranger anxiety|Social anxiety}}

Humans generally require social acceptance and thus sometimes dread the disapproval of others. Apprehension of being judged by others may cause anxiety in social environments.<ref>{{Cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-375096-9.00028-6 |chapter=Introduction: Toward an Understanding of Social Anxiety Disorder |title=Social Anxiety |pages=xix–xxvi |year=2010 | vauthors = Hofmann SG, Dibartolo PM |isbn=978-0-12-375096-9 }}</ref>

Anxiety during social interactions, particularly between strangers, is common among young people. It may persist into adulthood and become social anxiety or social phobia. "[[Stranger anxiety]]" in small children is not considered a phobia. In adults, an excessive fear of other people is not a developmentally common stage; it is called [[social anxiety]]. According to Cutting, social phobics do not fear the crowd but the fact that they may be judged negatively.<ref>{{cite book | veditors = Thomas B, Hardy S, Cutting P |year=1997 |title=Mental Health Nursing: Principles and Practice |publisher=Mosby |location=London |isbn=978-0-7234-2590-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/stuartsundeensme0000unse }}{{Page needed|date=May 2013}}</ref>

Social anxiety varies in degree and severity. For some people, it is characterized by experiencing discomfort or awkwardness during physical social contact (e.g. embracing, shaking hands, etc.), while in other cases it can lead to a fear of interacting with unfamiliar people altogether. Those with this condition may restrict their lifestyles to accommodate the anxiety, minimizing social interaction whenever possible. Social anxiety also forms a core aspect of certain personality disorders, including [[avoidant personality disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Settipani CA, Kendall PC | title = Social functioning in youth with anxiety disorders: association with anxiety severity and outcomes from cognitive-behavioral therapy | journal = Child Psychiatry and Human Development | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–18 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 22581270 | doi = 10.1007/s10578-012-0307-0 | s2cid = 39915581 }}</ref>

To the extent that a person is fearful of social encounters with unfamiliar others, some people may experience anxiety particularly during interactions with outgroup members, or people who share different group memberships (i.e., by race, ethnicity, class, gender, etc.). Depending on the nature of the antecedent relations, cognitions, and situational factors, intergroup contact may be stressful and lead to feelings of anxiety. This apprehension or fear of contact with outgroup members is often called interracial or intergroup anxiety.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01134.x |title=Intergroup Anxiety |journal=Journal of Social Issues |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=157–175 |year=1985 | vauthors = Stephan WG, Stephan CW }}</ref>

As is the case with the more generalized forms of [[social anxiety]], intergroup anxiety has behavioral, cognitive, and affective effects. For instance, increases in schematic processing and simplified information processing can occur when anxiety is high. Indeed, such is consistent with related work on attentional bias in [[implicit memory]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Richeson JA, Trawalter S | title = The threat of appearing prejudiced and race-based attentional biases | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 98–102 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18271854 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02052.x | s2cid = 11212529 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mathews A, Mogg K, May J, Eysenck M | title = Implicit and explicit memory bias in anxiety | journal = Journal of Abnormal Psychology | volume = 98 | issue = 3 | pages = 236–240 | date = August 1989 | pmid = 2768658 | doi = 10.1037/0021-843x.98.3.236 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0191-8869(91)90096-t |title=Effects of encoding and anxiety on implicit and explicit memory performance |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=131–139 |year=1991 | vauthors = Richards A, French CC }}</ref> Additionally recent research has found that [[implicit racism|implicit racial evaluations]] (i.e. automatic prejudiced attitudes) can be amplified during intergroup interaction.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Amodio DM, Hamilton HK | title = Intergroup anxiety effects on implicit racial evaluation and stereotyping | journal = Emotion | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 1273–1280 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 22775128 | doi = 10.1037/a0029016 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.659.5717 }}</ref> Negative experiences have been illustrated in producing not only negative expectations, but also avoidant, or antagonistic, behavior such as hostility.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Plant EA, Devine PG | title = The antecedents and implications of interracial anxiety | journal = Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin | volume = 29 | issue = 6 | pages = 790–801 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 15189634 | doi = 10.1177/0146167203029006011 | s2cid = 8581417 }}</ref> Furthermore, when compared to anxiety levels and cognitive effort (e.g., impression management and self-presentation) in intragroup contexts, levels and depletion of resources may be exacerbated in the intergroup situation.

===Trait===
Anxiety can be either a short-term "state" or a long-term "[[personality]] trait". Trait anxiety reflects a stable tendency across the lifespan of responding with acute, state anxiety in the anticipation of threatening situations (whether they are actually deemed threatening or not).<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Schwarzer R | collaboration = Psychosocial Working Group | date = December 1997 |title=Anxiety |url=https://macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/anxiety.php | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180307141654/https://macses.ucsf.edu/research/psychosocial/anxiety.php | archive-date = 7 March 2018 |website=MacArthur SES & Health Network }}</ref> A meta-analysis showed that a high level of [[neuroticism]] is a risk factor for development of anxiety symptoms and disorders.<ref name="NeuroticismMA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jeronimus BF, Kotov R, Riese H, Ormel J | title = Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants | journal = Psychological Medicine | volume = 46 | issue = 14 | pages = 2883–2906 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27523506 | doi = 10.1017/S0033291716001653 | s2cid = 23548727 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/895885 | access-date = 2019-07-28 | archive-date = 2019-07-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190724213253/https://zenodo.org/record/895885 | url-status = live }}</ref> Such anxiety may be conscious or unconscious.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Giddey M, Wright H |title=Mental Health Nursing: From first principles to professional practice |year=1993 |publisher=Stanley Thornes | isbn = 978-0-412-41210-3 }}{{Page needed|date=May 2013}}</ref>

Personality can also be a trait leading to anxiety and depression and their persistence.<ref name=Lancet2021/> Through experience, many find it difficult to collect themselves due to their own personal nature.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gulfbend.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=8948|title=Gulf Bend MHMR Center|access-date=October 11, 2018|archive-date=October 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214432/https://www.gulfbend.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=8948|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Choice or decision ===
Anxiety induced by the need to choose between similar options is recognized as a problem for some individuals and for organizations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/fashion/trends/article85734.ece |work=The Times |location=London |title=Premium choice anxiety |date=April 27, 2008 |access-date=April 25, 2010 | vauthors = Downey J |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203132027/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/fashion/trends/article85734.ece |archive-date=February 3, 2014 }}</ref> In 2004, [[Capgemini]] wrote: "Today we're all faced with greater choice, more competition and less time to consider our options or seek out the right advice."<ref>[https://www.uk.capgemini.com/news/pr1487 Is choice anxiety costing british 'blue chip' business?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222143245/https://www.uk.capgemini.com/news/pr1487 |date=December 22, 2015 }}, [[Capgemini]], August 16, 2004</ref> Overthinking a choice is called [[analysis paralysis]].

In a decision context, unpredictability or uncertainty may trigger emotional responses in anxious individuals that systematically alter decision-making.<ref name="Hartley">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hartley CA, Phelps EA | title = Anxiety and decision-making | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 72 | issue = 2 | pages = 113–118 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22325982 | pmc = 3864559 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.027 }}</ref> There are primarily two forms of this anxiety type. The first form refers to a choice in which there are multiple potential outcomes with known or calculable probabilities. The second form refers to the uncertainty and ambiguity related to a decision context in which there are multiple possible outcomes with unknown probabilities.<ref name="Hartley" />

===Panic disorder===
{{Main|Panic disorder}}

Panic disorder may share symptoms of stress and anxiety, but it is actually very different. Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder that occurs without any triggers. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, this disorder can be distinguished by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 8, 2015 |title=What are the five major types of anxiety disorders? |url=https://www.hhs.gov/answers/mental-health-and-substance-abuse/what-are-the-five-major-types-of-anxiety-disorders/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025023728/https://www.hhs.gov/answers/mental-health-and-substance-abuse/what-are-the-five-major-types-of-anxiety-disorders/index.html |archive-date=October 25, 2019 |access-date=October 25, 2019 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services}}</ref> Someone with panic disorder will eventually develop constant fear of another attack and as this progresses it will begin to affect daily functioning and an individual's general quality of life. It is reported by the Cleveland Clinic that panic disorder affects 2 to 3 percent of adult Americans and can begin around the time of the teenage and early adult years. Some symptoms include: difficulty breathing, chest pain, dizziness, trembling or shaking, feeling faint, nausea, fear that you are losing control or are about to die. Even though they have these symptoms during an attack, the main symptom is the persistent fear of having future panic attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panic Disorder & Panic Attacks |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4451-panic-disorder |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005194749/https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4451-panic-disorder |archive-date=2019-10-05 |access-date=2019-10-25 |work=The Cleveland Clinic}}</ref>