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Anticosti Island
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==Geography== [[File:RiviereHuileAnticosti.jpg|thumb|left|Salmon fisherman on Rivière à l'Huile]] Anticosti Island is located in the Gulf of St. Lawrence at the edge of [[Estuary of St. Lawrence|St. Lawrence River estuary]]. At {{convert|7943|km2|abbr=on}} in size, the island has a length of 222 km and a maximum width of 56 km, its highest peak rises to 306 m.<ref name="Master plan - Anticosti National Park" /><ref name="Summary geological map of Anticosti Island,">{{cite web |title=Summary geological map of Anticosti Island, |url=https://gq.mines.gouv.qc.ca/documents/examine/DV200903/DV200903PLAN.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources - Government of Quebec |access-date=22 September 2024 |pages=1 |language=fr |date=2009}}</ref> It is the [[List of islands by area|90th largest island in the world]] and [[List of Canadian islands by area|20th largest island in Canada]]. Anticosti Island is separated on the north from the Côte-Nord region of Quebec (the [[Labrador Peninsula]]) by the [[Jacques Cartier Strait]], and on the south from the [[Gaspé Peninsula]] by the [[Honguedo Strait]]. Anticosti Island is larger than [[Prince Edward Island]] but sparsely populated (218 people in [[2016 Canadian Census|2016]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2498020&Geo2=PR&Code2=13&Data=Count&SearchText=L%27Ile-d%27Anticosti&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All|title=Census Profile|date=9 November 2017 |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>), with most of the permanent population in the village of [[Port-Menier, Quebec|Port-Menier]] on the western tip of the island; this population once consisted chiefly of the keepers of the [[lighthouses]] erected by the Canadian government.{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}} The entire island constitutes one municipality known as [[L'Île-d'Anticosti, Quebec|L'Île-d'Anticosti]]. Due to more than 400 shipwrecks off its coasts, Anticosti Island is sometimes called the "Cemetery of the Gulf".<ref name="National Parks Historical">{{cite web |author1=R. Louis Gentilcore |title=National Parks Historical Theme Study |url=http://parkscanadahistory.com/publications/historical-theme-study.pdf |access-date=27 February 2024 |pages=122, 125, 127, 128 of 149 |date=1978-02-15 |quote=Deer hunting and salmon fishing makes Anticosti well known throughout North America and Europe.}}</ref>< [[File:Anticosti.jpeg|thumb|left|Satellite image of Anticosti Island]] Anticosti Island is part of the eastern St. Lawrence lowlands. It is {{convert|222|km|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ile-d-anticosti |title=Ile d' Anticosti |first=James H. |last=Marsh |orig-date=February 6, 2006 |date=December 14, 2013 |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]}}</ref> long and has a maximum breadth of {{convert|56|km|0|abbr=on}} — {{frac|1|1|2}} times as large as the province of [[Prince Edward Island]]. Its coastline is {{convert|520|km|abbr=on}} long, and is rocky and dangerous, offering little shelter for ships except in Gamache, Ellis, and Fox Bays. There are large [[shoal]]s to the south.<ref name="Anticosti toponymy" /> The largest lake on the island is [[Lake Wickenden]], which feeds the Jupiter River. There are numerous rivers on Anticosti, many of which flow through deep gorges and canyons to the north and south shores.<ref name="IA-geo">{{cite web |title=Geography and nature |url=https://municipalite-anticosti.org/geographie-et-nature/#:~:text=L'%C3%AEle%20d'Anticosti%20s,2%20000%20m%20d'%C3%A9paisseur! |publisher=Municipality of L'Île-d'Anticosti |access-date=7 April 2024 |language=fr |quote=Grey and harbour seals can be easily seen on rock shelves (reefs) or feeding near the coast}}</ref> Topographically, Anticosti Island can be divided into three distinct regions: two lowland areas, rarely exceeding {{convert|150|m}} in elevation, in the eastern and western thirds of the island linked along the coast; and a central highland forming a plateau that rises to just over {{convert|300|m|abbr=on}}. This plateau is an unidirectional structure slightly tilted to the south, and is characterized by rolling [[cuesta]]s. The rocks exposed on the island form a continuous sedimentary stratum more than {{convert|2000|m|abbr=on}} thick. These are the most complete strata in eastern North America of the [[Ordovician]] and [[Silurian]] periods.<ref name="IA-geo"/> The main rivers are: '''South shore of Anticosti Island''' (from west to east): {{Div col}} *[[Plantain River]] *[[Gamache River (Anticosti Island)]] *[[Trois Milles River]] *[[Rivière aux Canards (Anticosti Island)]] *[[La Petite Rivière (Anticosti Island - Western part)]] *[[Rivière aux Graines (Anticosti Island)]] *[[Bec-Scie River]] *[[Sainte-Marie River (Anticosti Island)]] *[[Rivière aux Cailloux]] *[[Sainte Anne River (Anticosti Island)]] *[[Rivière à la Loutre (Anticosti Island)]] *[[Rivière au Fusil]] *[[Jupiter River]] *[[Rivière à la Chute (Anticosti Island)]] *[[Rivière du Brick]] *[[Galiote River]] *[[Rivière aux Rats (Anticosti Island)]] *[[Chicotte River]] *[[Rivière aux Plats]] *[[Pavillon River]] **[[Pavillon East River]] *[[Ferrée River (Anticosti Island)]] *[[Maccan River (Anticosti Island)]] *[[Bilodeau River]] *[[Little Chaloupe River]] *[[Chaloupe River (Anticosti Island)]] *[[Dauphiné River]] *[[Bell River (Anticosti Island)]] *[[Petite rivière de la Loutre]] *[[Loups Marins River (Anticosti Island)]] *[[Cormoran River]] *[[La Petite Rivière (Anticosti Island - Eastern part)]] {{Div col end}} '''North shore of Anticosti Island''' (from west to east): {{Div col}} *[[Huile River]] *[[Patate River (Anticosti Island)|Patate River]] *[[Observation River]] *[[Vauréal River]] *[[Des Petits Jardins River]] *[[Rivière de l'Ours]] *[[Natiscotec River]] *[[Métallique River]] *[[Rivière aux Saumons (Anticosti Island)]] *[[Schmitt River]] *[[Prinsta River]] *[[Renard River (Anticosti Island)]] {{Div col end}} === Climate === Anticosti Island has a [[subarctic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfc''), affected by the maritime influence of the Gulf of St. Lawrence which reduces seasonal temperature variation. The average annual temperature is {{convert|2.0|C|F|1}}. The month of July is the warmest with an average temperature of {{convert|15.3|C|F|1|disp=or}}. Conversely, February is the coldest month, averaging {{convert|-10.9|C|F|1|disp=or}}.<ref name="IA-geo"/> Snowfall is abundant, usually accumulating over {{convert|3|m|in|-1|disp=or}} in the western and central parts. {{Weather box |location = Port Menier (1951-1980) |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan record high C = 7.2 |Feb record high C = 8.3 |Mar record high C = 10.0 |Apr record high C = 18.3 |May record high C = 24.4 |Jun record high C = 31.1 |Jul record high C = 27.8 |Aug record high C = 28.9 |Sep record high C = 25.6 |Oct record high C = 20.6 |Nov record high C = 13.9 |Dec record high C = 11.1 |year record high C = 31.1 |Jan high C = −6.2 |Feb high C = -5.7 |Mar high C = -1.8 |Apr high C = 3.5 |May high C = 9.3 |Jun high C = 15.8 |Jul high C = 19.0 |Aug high C = 18.0 |Sep high C = 13.6 |Oct high C = 8.1 |Nov high C = 2.7 |Dec high C = -3.5 |year high C = 6.1 |Jan mean C = −10.5 |Feb mean C = −10.9 |Mar mean C = -5.9 |Apr mean C = -0.5 |May mean C = 5.5 |Jun mean C = 11.2 |Jul mean C = 15.3 |Aug mean C = 13.9 |Sep mean C = 9.8 |Oct mean C = 4.4 |Nov mean C = -0.7 |Dec mean C = −7.3 |year mean C = 2.0 |Jan low C = −15.0 |Feb low C = −16.1 |Mar low C = −10.7 |Apr low C = -4.4 |May low C = 1.4 |Jun low C = 6.6 |Jul low C = 11.5 |Aug low C = 9.7 |Sep low C = 5.8 |Oct low C = 0.6 |Nov low C = -4.0 |Dec low C = −10.9 |year low C = -2.1 |Jan record low C = −36.7 |Feb record low C = −37.8 |Mar record low C = −38.3 |Apr record low C = −21.7 |May record low C = −12.2 |Jun record low C = -5.0 |Jul record low C = 0.6 |Aug record low C = 0.6 |Sep record low C = -6.7 |Oct record low C = −11.1 |Nov record low C = −21.1 |Dec record low C = −31.7 |year record low C = −38.3 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 79.5 |Feb precipitation mm = 65.6 |Mar precipitation mm = 53.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 54.3 |May precipitation mm = 75.1 |Jun precipitation mm = 79.6 |Jul precipitation mm = 85.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 80.8 |Sep precipitation mm = 86.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 92.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 81.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 74.1 |year precipitation mm = 907.9 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 11.7 |Feb rain mm = 7.5 |Mar rain mm = 6.4 |Apr rain mm = 26.1 |May rain mm = 69.9 |Jun rain mm = 79.6 |Jul rain mm = 85.0 |Aug rain mm = 80.8 |Sep rain mm = 86.8 |Oct rain mm = 85.6 |Nov rain mm = 55.5 |Dec rain mm = 15.1 |year rain mm = 610.0 |Jan snow cm = 78.4 |Feb snow cm = 62.1 |Mar snow cm = 51.9 |Apr snow cm = 28.8 |May snow cm = 5.2 |Jun snow cm = 0.0 |Jul snow cm = 0.0 |Aug snow cm = 0.0 |Sep snow cm = 0.0 |Oct snow cm = 6.0 |Nov snow cm = 30.5 |Dec snow cm = 64.9 |year snow cm = 327.8 |unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm |Jan precipitation days = 16 |Feb precipitation days = 12 |Mar precipitation days = 10 |Apr precipitation days = 11 |May precipitation days = 11 |Jun precipitation days = 10 |Jul precipitation days = 12 |Aug precipitation days = 11 |Sep precipitation days = 10 |Oct precipitation days = 12 |Nov precipitation days = 12 |Dec precipitation days = 14 |year precipitation days = 141 |unit rain days = 0.2 mm |Jan rain days = 3 |Feb rain days = 1 |Mar rain days = 2 |Apr rain days = 6 |May rain days = 10 |Jun rain days = 10 |Jul rain days = 12 |Aug rain days = 11 |Sep rain days = 10 |Oct rain days = 12 |Nov rain days = 7 |Dec rain days = 2 |year rain days = 86 |unit snow days = 0.2 cm |Jan snow days = 14 |Feb snow days = 10 |Mar snow days = 9 |Apr snow days = 5 |May snow days = 1 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 1 |Nov snow days = 6 |Dec snow days = 13 |year snow days = 59 |Jan sun = 77.6 |Feb sun = 121.0 |Mar sun = 137.0 |Apr sun = 163.8 |May sun = 243.2 |Jun sun = 243.8 |Jul sun = 243.8 |Aug sun = 253.2 |Sep sun = 172.4 |Oct sun = 127.4 |Nov sun = 95.5 |Dec sun = 62.8 |year sun = 1941.5 |humidity colour = green |Jan humidity = 79 |Feb humidity = 79 |Mar humidity = 80 |Apr humidity = 80 |May humidity = 76 |Jun humidity = 76 |Jul humidity = 82 |Aug humidity = 85 |Sep humidity = 85 |Oct humidity = 85 |Nov humidity = 85 |Dec humidity = 81 |Jan dew point C = -12.9 |Feb dew point C = -13.4 |Mar dew point C = -8.4 |Apr dew point C = -3.4 |May dew point C = 1.0 |Jun dew point C = 7.3 |Jul dew point C = 11.6 |Aug dew point C = 11.3 |Sep dew point C = 7.0 |Oct dew point C = 1.9 |Nov dew point C = -2.4 |Dec dew point C = -8.7 |source 1 = [[Environment Canada]]<ref name="Canadian Climate Normals 1951-1980, Volume 2">{{cite web |title=Canadian Climate Normals 1951-1980, Volume 2 |url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/doc/En56-60-2-1982.pdf |website=Gouvernement of Canada |publisher=Environnement Canada |access-date=1 August 2024 |pages=321 |quote=data for temperature, precipitation, wind, sunshine, etc., each on a national basis.}}</ref><ref name="Canadian Climate Normals 1951-1980">{{cite web |title=Canadian Climate Normals 1951-1980 Volume 3|url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/doc/En56-60-3-1982.pdf |access-date=31 July 2024 |date=1982 |quote=.. data for temperature, precipitation, wind, sunshine, etc., each on a national basis.}}</ref><ref name="Canadian climate normals 1951-1980">{{cite web |title=Canadian climate normals 1951-1980 Volume 6 |url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/doc/En56-60-6-1982.pdf |website=Gouvernement of Canada |publisher=Approvisionnements et Services Canada |access-date=31 July 2024 |pages=293 |quote=... frost statistics for Canadian locations over periods of record to 1980,}}</ref><ref name="Canadian climate normals Volume 7">{{cite web |title=Canadian climate normals 1951-1980, Volume 7 |url=https://climate.weather.gc.ca/doc/En56-60-7-1982.pdf |website=Gouvernement of Canada |publisher=Environnement Canada |access-date=1 August 2024 |pages=19 |date=1982 |quote=... average bright sunshine totals for periods of record to 1980}}</ref> }}
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