Editing Anti-psychiatry (section)

=== Early 1900s ===
It has been noted that "the most persistent critics of psychiatry have always been former mental hospital patients", but that very few were able to tell their stories publicly or to confront the psychiatric establishment openly, and those who did so were commonly considered so extreme in their charges that they could seldom gain credibility.<ref name="Dain1989" /> In the early 20th century, ex-patient [[Clifford W. Beers]] campaigned to improve the plight of individuals receiving public psychiatric care, particularly those committed to state institutions, publicizing the issues in his book, ''A Mind that Found Itself'' (1908).<ref>{{cite book|first=Clifford |last=Beers |title=A Mind That Found Itself |place=Pittsburgh and London |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-8229-5324-1}}</ref> While Beers initially condemned psychiatrists for tolerating mistreatment of patients, and envisioned more ex-patient involvement in the movement, he was influenced by [[Adolf Meyer (psychiatrist)|Adolf Meyer]] and the psychiatric establishment, and toned down his hostility since he needed their support for reforms. In Germany during this time were similar efforts which used the term "Antipsychiatrie".<ref>Bangen, Hans: Geschichte der medikamentösen Therapie der Schizophrenie. Berlin 1992, {{ISBN|3-927408-82-4}} Page 87</ref>

Beers' reliance on rich donors and his need for approval from experts led him to hand over to psychiatrists the organization he helped found, the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, which eventually became the [[National Mental Health Association]].<ref name="Dain1989" /> In the UK, the National Society for Lunacy Law Reform was established in 1920 by angry ex-patients who sought justice for abuses committed in psychiatric custody, and were aggrieved that their complaints were patronizingly discounted by the authorities, who were seen to value the availability of medicalized internment as a 'whitewashed' extrajudicial custodial and punitive process.<ref name="Fennell1996">{{cite book|last=Fennell|first=Phil |year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XqlBoZ_Vm7UC |title=Treatment Without Consent: Law, Psychiatry and the Treatment of Mentally Disordered People Since 1845 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-07787-3 |page=108}}</ref> In 1922, ex-patient Rachel Grant-Smith added to calls for reform of the system of neglect and abuse she had suffered by publishing "The Experiences of an Asylum Patient".<ref>{{cite book|first=Rachel|last=Grant-Smith|year=1922|url=http://mcgovern.library.tmc.edu/data/www/html/texascoll/Psych/EAP/EAPContents.htm|title=The Experiences of an Asylum Patient|publisher=John P. McGovern Historical Collections and Research Center|access-date=2011-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706120312/http://mcgovern.library.tmc.edu/data/www/html/texascoll/Psych/EAP/EAPContents.htm|archive-date=2008-07-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the US, [[We Are Not Alone (group)|We Are Not Alone]] (WANA) was founded by a group of patients at Rockland State Hospital in New York, and continued to meet as an ex-patient group.<ref name="Reaume2002">{{cite journal|last=Reaume |first=G |date=July 2002 |title=Lunatic to patient to person: nomenclature in psychiatric history and the influence of patients' activism in North America |journal=Int J Law Psychiatry |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=405–26 |doi=10.1016/S0160-2527(02)00130-9 |pmid=12613052}}</ref>

French surrealist [[Antonin Artaud]] would also openly criticize that no patient should be labeled as "mentally ill" as an exterior identification, as he notes in his 1925 ''L'Ombilic des limbes'', as well as arguing against narcotic's restriction laws in France. Much influenced by the [[Dada]] and [[surrealism|surrealist]] enthusiasms of the day, he considered [[dream]]s, thoughts and visions no less real than the "outside" world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Armstrong |first1=Lynn Shields & Leslie |title=Social Change and the Global Environment |date=2018 |publisher=EDTECH |isbn=978-1839474293}}</ref>
In this era before [[penicillin]] was discovered, [[eugenics]] was popular. People believed [[M'Naghten rules#Disease of the mind|diseases of the mind]] could be passed on so [[compulsory sterilization]] of the [[Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring|mentally ill was enacted in many countries]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reilly |first=Philip R. |date=2015 |title=Eugenics and Involuntary Sterilization: 1907-2015 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26322647/ |journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics |volume=16 |pages=351–368 |doi=10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-024930 |issn=1545-293X |pmid=26322647}}</ref>