Editing Anti-capitalism (section)

=== Anarchism and libertarian socialism ===
{{main|Anarchism|Libertarian socialism}}
{{see also|Anarchist economics|Socialist economics}}
[[File:Portrait Emma Goldman.jpg|thumb|[[Emma Goldman]] famously denounced wage slavery by saying: "The only difference is that you are hired slaves instead of block slaves."{{sfn|Goldman|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0IF7CusxuMcC&pg=PA283 283]}}]]
For the influential German [[individualist anarchist]] philosopher [[Max Stirner]], "[[private property]] is a spook" which "lives by the grace of law" and it "becomes 'mine' only by the effect of the law". In other words, private property exists purely "through the protection of the State, through the State's grace." Recognising its need for state protection, Stirner argued that "[i]t need not make any difference to the 'good citizens' who protects them and their principles, whether an absolute King or a constitutional one, a republic if only they are protected. And what is their principle, whose protector they always 'love'? Not that of labour", rather it is "interest-bearing possession ... labouring capital, therefore ... labour certainly, yet little or none at all of one's own, but labour of capital and of the—subject labourers."<ref>{{cite web|author= Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin |url=http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionG6 |title=G.6 What are the ideas of Max Stirner? in An Anarchist FAQ |publisher=Infoshop.org |access-date=2010-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123154932/http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionG6 |archive-date=2010-11-23 }}</ref> French anarchist [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] opposed government privilege that protects capitalist, banking and land interests, and the accumulation or acquisition of property (and any form of [[coercion]] that led to it) which he believed hampers competition and keeps wealth in the hands of the few. The Spanish individualist anarchist [[Miguel Giménez Igualada]] saw:<ref>{{cite web |quote=el capitalismo es sólo el efecto del gobierno; desaparecido el gobierno, el capitalismo cae de su pedestal vertiginosamente...Lo que llamamos capitalismo no es otra cosa que el producto del Estado, dentro del cual lo único que se cultiva es la ganancia, bien o mal habida. Luchar, pues, contra el capitalismo es tarea inútil, porque sea Capitalismo de Estado o Capitalismo de Empresa, mientras el Gobierno exista, existirá el capital que explota. La lucha, pero de conciencias, es contra el Estado. |language=es |trans-quote=capitalism [as] an effect of government; the disappearance of government means capitalism falls from its pedestal vertiginously...That which we call capitalism is not something else but a product of the State, within which the only thing that is being pushed forward is profit, good or badly acquired. And so to fight against capitalism is a pointless task, since be it State capitalism or Enterprise capitalism, as long as Government exists, exploiting capital will exist. The fight, but of consciousness, is against the State. |url=http://www.kclibertaria.comyr.com/lpdf/l125.pdf |title=Anarquismo |trans-title=Anarchism |first=Miguel Gimenez |last=Igualada |author-link=Miguel Gimenez Igualada |access-date=2014-03-31 |archive-date=2017-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131205417/http://www.kclibertaria.comyr.com/lpdf/l125.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><blockquote>capitalism [as] an effect of government; the disappearance of government means capitalism falls from its pedestal vertiginously...That which we call capitalism is not something else but a product of the State, within which the only thing that is being pushed forward is profit, good or badly acquired. And so to fight against capitalism is a pointless task, since be it State capitalism or Enterprise capitalism, as long as Government exists, exploiting capital will exist. The fight, but of consciousness, is against the State.</blockquote>Within [[anarchism]] there emerged a critique of [[wage slavery]], which refers to a situation perceived as quasi-[[voluntary slavery]],{{sfn|Ellerman|1992}} where a person's [[livelihood]] depends on [[wage]]s, especially when the dependence is total and immediate.<ref name="merriam-webster.com">{{cite dictionary |title=wage slave |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wage%20slave |dictionary=[[Merriam Webster|merriam-webster.com]] |access-date=4 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |title=wage slave |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wage%20slave |dictionary=[[dictionary.com]] |access-date= 4 March 2013}}</ref> It is a [[connotation|negatively connoted]] term used to draw an analogy between [[slavery]] and [[wage labor]] by focusing on similarities between owning and [[employment|renting]] a person. The term ''wage slavery'' has been used to criticize [[economic exploitation]] and [[social stratification]], with the former seen primarily as unequal bargaining power between labor and capital (particularly when workers are paid comparatively low wages, e.g. in [[sweatshops]]),{{sfn|Sandel|1996|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_KdrTfTxqvgC&pg=PA184 184]}} and the latter as a lack of [[workers' self-management]], fulfilling job choices and leisure in an economy.<ref name="globetrotter.berkeley.edu">{{cite web |url=http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Chomsky/chomsky-con2.html |title=Conversation with Noam Chomsky |page=2 |publisher=Globetrotter.berkeley.edu |access-date=2010-06-28 |archive-date=2019-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919041544/http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Chomsky/chomsky-con2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Hallgrimsdottir|Benoit|2007}}<ref name="spunk.org">{{cite web |title=The Bolsheviks and Workers Control, 1917–1921: The State and Counter-revolution |url=http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/russia/sp001861/bolintro.html |publisher=[[Spunk Library]] |access-date=4 March 2013 }}</ref> [[Libertarian socialism|Libertarian socialists]] believe if freedom is valued, then society must work towards a system in which individuals have the power to decide economic issues along with political issues. Libertarian socialists seek to replace unjustified authority with [[direct democracy]], voluntary federation, and popular autonomy in all aspects of life,<ref>Harrington, Austin, et al. ''Encyclopedia of Social Theory'' Routledge (2006) p. 50</ref> including physical communities and economic enterprises. With the advent of the [[Industrial Revolution]], thinkers such as [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]] and [[Karl Marx|Marx]] elaborated the comparison between wage labor and slavery in the context of a critique of societal property not intended for active personal use,{{sfn|Proudhon|1890}}<ref name="Marx 1863 c7">{{Harvnb|Marx|1969|loc=[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1863/theories-surplus-value/ch07.htm Chapter VII]}}</ref> [[Luddite]]s emphasized the [[dehumanization]] brought about by machines, while later American anarchist [[Emma Goldman]] famously denounced wage slavery by saying: "The only difference is that you are hired slaves instead of block slaves."{{sfn|Goldman|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0IF7CusxuMcC&pg=PA283 283]}} Goldman believed that the economic system of capitalism was incompatible with human liberty. "The only demand that property recognizes," she wrote in ''Anarchism and Other Essays'', "is its own gluttonous appetite for greater wealth, because wealth means power; the power to subdue, to crush, to exploit, the power to enslave, to outrage, to degrade."<ref name="Goldman1917p54">Goldman, Emma. ''Anarchism and Other Essays''. 3rd ed. 1917. New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1969., p. 54.</ref> She also argued that capitalism dehumanized workers, "turning the producer into a mere particle of a machine, with less will and decision than his master of steel and iron."<ref name="Goldman1917p54" />

[[Noam Chomsky]] contends that there is little moral difference between chattel slavery and renting one's self to an owner or "wage slavery". He feels that it is an attack on personal integrity that undermines individual freedom. He holds that workers should own and control their workplace.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Chomsky/chomsky-con2.html |title=Conversation with Noam Chomsky, p. 2 of 5 |publisher=Globetrotter.berkeley.edu |access-date=August 16, 2011 |archive-date=September 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919041544/http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Chomsky/chomsky-con2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many libertarian socialists argue that large-scale voluntary associations should manage industrial manufacture, while workers retain rights to the individual products of their labor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lindemann |first=Albert S. |author-link=Albert S. Lindemann |title=A History of European Socialism |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |date=1983 |pages=160}}</ref> As such, they see a distinction between the concepts of "private property" and "[[Personal property|personal possession]]". Whereas "private property" grants an individual exclusive control over a thing whether it is in use or not, and regardless of its productive capacity, "possession" grants no rights to things that are not in use.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ely |first=Richard |author-link=Richard T. Ely |display-authors=etal |title=Property and Contract in Their Relations to the Distribution of Wealth |publisher=The Macmillan Company |date=1914}}</ref>

In addition to individualist anarchist [[Benjamin Tucker]]'s "big four" monopolies (land, money, tariffs, and patents), [[Kevin Carson]] argues that the [[Sovereign state|state]] has also transferred wealth to the wealthy by subsidizing organizational centralization, in the form of transportation and communication subsidies. He believes that Tucker overlooked this issue due to Tucker's focus on individual market transactions, whereas Carson also focuses on organizational issues. Carson holds that "capitalism, arising as a new class society directly from the old class society of the [[Middle Ages]], was founded on an act of robbery as massive as the earlier [[Feudalism|feudal]] conquest of the land. It has been sustained to the present by continual state intervention to protect its system of privilege without which its survival is unimaginable."<ref name=Richman>Richman, Sheldon, [http://www.amconmag.com/blog/libertarian-left/ Libertarian Left] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814153531/http://www.amconmag.com/blog/libertarian-left/ |date=2011-08-14 }}, ''[[The American Conservative]]'' (March 2011)</ref> Carson coined the [[pejorative]] term "vulgar libertarianism", a phrase that describes the use of a free market rhetoric in defense of [[corporate capitalism]] and [[economic inequality]]. According to Carson, the term is derived from the phrase "vulgar political economy", which [[Karl Marx]] described as an economic order that "deliberately becomes increasingly apologetic and makes strenuous attempts to talk out of existence the ideas which contain the contradictions [existing in economic life]."{{sfn|Marx|1969|p=501}}