Editing Anne of Denmark (section)

===Marriage===
[[File:Marriage contract between Princess Anna of Denmark and Jacob VI of Scotland 1589 (Danish National Archives).jpg|thumb|1589 marriage contract between Anne of Denmark and James VI, [[Danish National Archives]]]]

Anne set sail for Scotland within 10 days, but her fleet under the command of Admiral [[Peder Munk]] was beset by a series of misadventures. At [[Elsinore]] a [[cannon|naval gun]] had backfired, killing two gunners. The next day, a gun [[Cannon operation|fired]] in tribute to two visiting Scottish noblemen exploded, killing one gunner and injuring 9 of the crew. Storms at sea then put the fleet in severe difficulties (one report had Anne's ship missing for three days). Two of the ships in the flotilla collided, killing two more sailors. Anna's ship, the "Gideon", sprung a dangerous leak and put into Gammel Sellohe in Norway for repairs, but it leaked again after setting sail once more. The fleet then put in at [[Flekkerøy]], by which time it was 1 October and the crews were unwilling to try again so late in the year.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=109}} finally being forced back to the coast of [[Norway]], from where she travelled by land to [[Oslo]] for refuge, accompanied by the Earl Marischal and others of the Scottish and Danish embassies.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=109}}{{Efn|The King of Denmark ruled [[Denmark–Norway|both Denmark and Norway]] at this time.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=207}}}}

[[File:Adrian Vanson (d. before 1610) (attributed to) - Anne of Denmark (1574–1619), Queen of James VI and I - PG 1110 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg|thumb|right|Anne of Denmark as Queen of Scotland, 1595, by [[Adrian Vanson]]]]
On 12 September, [[Andrew Keith, Lord Dingwall|Lord Dingwall]] had landed at [[Leith]], reporting that "he had come in company with the Queen's fleet three hundred miles, and was separated from them by a [[Anne of Denmark and contrary winds|great storm]]: it was feared that the Queen was in danger upon the seas."{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=107}} Alarmed, James called for national fasting and public prayers, and kept watch on the [[Firth of Forth]] for Anne's arrival from [[Seton Palace]], the home of his friend [[Robert Seton, 1st Earl of Winton|Lord Seton]].{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=88}}{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=17}}{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=108}} He wrote several songs, one comparing the situation to the plight of [[Hero and Leander]], and sent a search party out for Anne, carrying a letter he had written to her in [[French language|French]]: "Only to one who knows me as well as his own reflection in a glass could I express, my dearest love, the fears which I have experienced because of the contrary winds and violent storms since you embarked&nbsp;...".{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=108}}{{Sfnmp|1a1=Willson|1y=1963|1p=89|2a1=Williams|2y=1970|2p=19}} Anne's letters arrived in October explaining that she had abandoned the crossing. She wrote, in French;

{{blockquote|we have already put out to sea four or five times but have always been driven back to the harbours from which we sailed, thanks to contrary winds and other problems that arose at sea, which is the cause why, now Winter is hastening down on us, and fearing greater danger, all this company is forced to our regret, and to the regret and high displeasure of your men, to make no further attempt at present, but to defer the voyage until the Spring.{{Sfnp|Kerr-Peterson|Pearce|2020|pp=93–94}}}}

In what Willson calls "the one romantic episode of his life", James sailed from Leith with a three-hundred-strong retinue to fetch his wife personally.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=85}}{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=109}} He arrived in Oslo on 19 November after travelling by land from [[Flekkefjord]] via [[Tønsberg]].{{Efn|In one of the messages James left behind, he said he had decided on this action alone, to demonstrate that he was no "irresolute ass who could do nothing of himself".{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=90}}{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=112}} Williams points out that it was brave of James to cross the North Sea at that time of year in a 130-ton ship,{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=18}} and McManus notes that the gesture "startles commentators accustomed to the image of James as a timorous man."{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|p=63}}}} According to a Scottish account, he presented himself to Anne, "with boots and all", and, disarming her protests, gave her a kiss, in the Scottish fashion.{{Efn|"His majesty minded to give the Queen a kiss after the Scots fashion at meeting, which she refused as not being the form of her country. Marry, after a few words spoken privately between His Majesty and her, there passed familiarity and kisses."<ref>[[David Moysie]]'s account, quoted by {{Harvp|Stewart|2003|p=112}} and {{Harvp|Williams|1970|p=20}}</ref> McManus sees Anne's protests as an early sign of assertiveness.{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|pp=65–66}} Willson distrusts Moysie's version and prefers a Danish narrative whereby James enters Oslo in state with heralds, observing the diplomatic niceties in full.{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|pp=90–91}}}}

Anne and James were formally married in hall of the [[Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo]], then the house of [[Christen Mule]], on 23 November 1589, "with all the splendour possible at that time and place."{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=112}} So that both bride and groom could understand, Leith minister [[David Lindsay (bishop of Ross)|David Lindsay]] conducted the ceremony in French, describing Anne as "a Princess both godly and beautiful&nbsp;... she giveth great contentment to his Majesty."{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=112}}{{Sfnp|Willson|1963|p=91}} A month of celebrations followed; and on 22 December, cutting his entourage to 50, James visited his new relations at [[Kronborg Castle]] in [[Elsinore]], where the newlyweds were greeted by Queen Sophie, 12 year-old [[King Christian IV]], and Christian's four regents.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=113}}{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=23}} Anne and James may have repeated their marriage ceremony at Kronborg, this time by Lutheran rites, on 21 January 1590.{{Sfnp|Williams|1970|p=23}}{{Efn|McManus regards this repeat ceremony as unsubstantiated.{{Sfnp|McManus|2002|p=61}}}} The couple moved on to [[Copenhagen]] on 7 March and attended the wedding of Anne's older sister Elizabeth to [[Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick]] on 19 April, sailing two days later for Scotland in a patched up "Gideon".{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=117}} They arrived in the [[Water of Leith]] on 1 May. After a welcoming speech in French by [[James Elphinstone, 1st Lord Balmerino|James Elphinstone]], Anne stayed in the [[King's Wark]] and James went alone to hear a sermon by [[Patrick Galloway]] in the [[South Leith Parish Church|Parish Church]].{{Sfn|Calendar of State Papers Scotland vol. 10|page=863}} Five days later, Anne made her state entry into Edinburgh in a solid silver coach brought over from Denmark, James riding alongside on horseback.{{Sfnp|Stewart|2003|p=118}}