Editing Androphagi (section)

==History==
===Origin===
The Scythians originated in the region of the Volga-Ural steppes of [[Central Asia]], possibly around the 9th century BC,{{sfn|Batty|2007|p=204-214}} as a section of the population of the [[Srubnaya culture]]{{sfn|Melyukova|1990|pages=97-110}} containing a significant element originating from the Siberian [[Andronovo culture]].{{sfn|Sulimirski|1985|pages=168-169}} The population of the Srubnaya culture was among the first truly [[Nomadic pastoralism|nomadic pastoralist]] groups, who themselves emerged in the [[Central Asia]]n and [[Siberia]]n [[Eurasian Steppe|steppes]] during the 9th century BC as a result of the cold and dry climate then prevailing in these regions.{{sfn|Sulimirski|Taylor|1991|p=552}}

During the 9th to 8th centuries BC, a significant movement of the nomadic peoples of the [[Eurasian Steppe]] started when another nomadic Iranic tribe closely related to the Scythians from eastern Central Asia, either the [[Massagetae]]{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b}} or the [[Issedones]],{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000a}} migrated westwards, forcing the early Scythians to the west across the [[Volga|Araxes]] river.{{sfn|Sulimirski|Taylor|1991|p=553}}{{sfn|Melyukova|1990|pages=97-110}}

Over the course of the 8th and 7th centuries BC, the Scythians migrated into the Caucasian and Caspian Steppes in several waves, becoming the dominant population of the region,{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b}} where they assimilated most of the Cimmerians and conquered their territory,{{sfn|Melyukova|1990|pages=97-110}} with this absorption of the Cimmerians by the Scythians being facilitated by their similar ethnic backgrounds and lifestyles,{{sfn|Bouzek|2001|p=44}} after which the Scythians settled in the area between the Araxes, the Caucasus and the [[Sea of Azov|Lake Maeotis]].{{sfn|Sulimirski|Taylor|1991|p=553}}{{sfn|Harmatta|1996}}{{sfn|Melyukova|1990|pages=97-110}}{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b}}{{sfn|Sulimirski|Taylor|1991|p=560-590}} The section of the Scythians from whom the Androphagi originated participated in this migration, and had established itself in Ciscaucasia around {{c.|800 BC}}.{{sfn|Sulimirski|Taylor|1991|p=587}}

From their base in the Caucasian Steppe, during the period of the 8th to 7th centuries BC itself, the Scythians conquered the Pontic and Crimean Steppes to the north of the Black Sea up to the [[Danube]] river, which formed the western boundary of Scythian territory onwards,{{sfn|Batty|2007|p=204-214}}{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b}}{{sfn|Batty|2007|p=204-214}}{{sfn|Sulimirski|Taylor|1991|p=558}}{{sfn|Sulimirski|Taylor|1991|p=576}} with this process of Scythian takeover of the Pontic Steppe becoming fully complete by the 7th century BC.{{sfn|Melyukova|1990|pages=98}}

Archaeologically, the westwards migration of the Early Scythians from Central Asia into the Caspian Steppe constituted the latest of the two to three waves of expansion of the Srubnaya culture to the west of the Volga. The last and third wave corresponding to the Scythian migration has been dated to the 9th century BC.{{sfn|Sulimirski|1985|pages=173-174}} The expansion of the Scythians into the Pontic Steppe is attested through the westward movement of the Srubnaya-Khvalynsk culture into Ukraine. The Srubnaya-Khvalynsk culture in Ukraine is referred to in scholarship as the "Late Srubnaya" culture.{{sfn|Sulimirski|Taylor|1991|p=561}}

===Migration towards the forest steppe===
From the Caucasian steppe, the tribe of the Royal Scythians expanded to the south, following the coast of the [[Caspian Sea]] and arrived in the [[North Caucasus|Ciscaucasian]] steppes, from where they settled in eastern [[South Caucasus|Transcaucasia]] until the early 6th century BC.{{sfn|Sulimirski|1954|page=282}}{{sfn|Ivantchik|1993a|p=127-154}}{{sfn|Diakonoff|1985|p=89-109}}{{sfn|Melyukova|1990|pages=97-110}}{{sfn|Sulimirski|Taylor|1991|p=560-564}}{{sfn|Phillips|1972}}{{sfn|Barnett|1991|pages=333-356}}

The Royal Scythians were finally expelled from West Asia in the {{c.|600s BC}},{{sfn|Jacobson|1995|p=38}} after which, beginning in the later 7th and lasting throughout much of the 6th century BC, the majority of the Scythians migrated from Ciscaucasia into the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|Pontic Steppe]], which became the centre of Scythian power.{{sfn|Sulimirski|1985|pages=169-171}}{{sfn|Sulimirski|Taylor|1991|p=564-568}}{{sfn|Olbrycht|2000b}}

The retreat of the Royal Scythians from West Asia into the Pontic steppe pushed a Scythian splinter group to the north, into the region of Donets-Kramatorsk, where they formed the Vorskla and Sula-Donets groups of the Scythian culture,{{sfn|Sulimirski|1985|pages=179}} of which the Donets group corresponded to the [[Melanchlaeni]], the Sula group to the Androphagi,{{sfn|Sulimirski|1985|p=185}} and the Vorskla group to the [[Budini]],{{sfn|Sulimirski|1985|p=187}} with all of these groups remaining independent from the [[Scythians|Scythians proper]].{{sfn|Sulimirski|1985|p=185}} This splinter group arrived in the forest-steppe region in part from the Kuban region, but for the most from northern Ciscaucasia.{{sfn|Sulimirski|Taylor|1991|p=587}}

Of these groups, the Androphagi and the Melanchlaeni were closely related tribes.{{sfn|Sulimirski|1985|p=186}}

===The Persian invasion===
When the [[Persians|Persian]] [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] king [[Darius the Great|Darius I]] [[Scythian campaign of Darius I|attacked the Scythians]] in 513 BC, the Scythian king [[Idanthyrsus]] summoned the kings of the peoples surrounding his kingdom to a meeting to decide how to deal with the Persian invasion. The kings of the [[Budini]], [[Gelonians]], and [[Sarmatians]] accepted to help the Scythians against the Persian attack, while the kings of the [[Agathyrsi]], Androphagi, [[Melanchlaeni]], [[Neuri]], and [[Tauri]] refused to support the Scythians.{{sfn|Herodotus|Godolphin|1973}}

During the campaign, the Scythians and the Persian army pursuing them passed through the territories of the Melanchlaeni, Androphagi, and Neuri, before they reached the borders of the Agathyrsi, who refused to let the Scythian divisions to pass into their territories and find refuge there, thus forcing the Scythians to return to [[Scythia]] with the Persians pursuing them.{{sfn|Fol|Hammond|1988|p=241}}{{sfn|Herodotus|Godolphin|1973}}