Editing Andrew II of Hungary (section)

===Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia (1197–1204)===
{{main|Brothers' Quarrel (Hungary)}}

Andrew used the funds that he inherited from his father to recruit supporters among the Hungarian lords.{{sfn|Almási|2012|p=86}} It is plausible he demanded from his brother to install him as [[Duke of Slavonia]], which became increasingly the title of heir to the throne by the second half of the 12th century.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2022|p=19}} Andrew also formed an alliance with Duke [[Leopold VI of Austria]], and they plotted against Emeric.{{sfn|Almási|2012|p=86}} Their united troops routed the royal army at [[Mački, Croatia|Mački]], Slavonia, in December 1197.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=124}} Under duress, King Emeric gave [[Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526)|Croatia]] and [[Dalmatia]] to Andrew as an [[appanage]], as most historians believe.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=347}}{{sfn|Zsoldos|2022|pp=20–21}} In contrast, historian György Szabados claims that Emeric never acknowledged Andrew's dominion in Croatia and Dalmatia and that Andrew used the title of duke without his brother's approval.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2022|pp=20–21}} In practice, Andrew administered Croatia and Dalmatia as an independent monarch. He minted coins ([[Frizatik|Croatian frizatik]]), granted land and confirmed privileges.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=347}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=22}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=124}} In accordance with the agreement, [[Varaždin County (former)|Varaždin]] and [[Bodrog county|Bodrog]] counties also belonged to his suzerainty.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2022|p=24}} He cooperated with the [[Frankopans]], [[Babonići]], and other local lords.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=347}} Some of the prominent barons also supported his aspirations, including their uncle [[Andrew, Ban of Slavonia|''comes'' Andrew]] and [[Macarius Monoszló]].{{sfn|Zsoldos|2022|pp=22–24}} The [[Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre]] settled in the province during his rule.{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=370}} Taking advantage of [[Miroslav of Hum]]'s death, Andrew invaded [[Zachlumia|Hum]] and occupied at least the land between the [[Cetina]] and [[Neretva]] rivers sometime before May 1198.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=52}} He styled himself, "By the grace of God, Duke of Zadar and of all Dalmatia, Croatia and Hum" in his charters.{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=132}}

[[Pope Innocent III]] urged Andrew to lead a crusade to the Holy Land, but Andrew hatched a new conspiracy against Emeric with the help of John, Abbot of Pannonhalma, [[Boleslaus, Bishop of Vác]], and many other prelates and lords.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=124}} For instance, incumbent Palatine [[Mog, Palatine of Hungary|Mog]] also betrayed Emeric and swore allegiance to the Duke.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2022|p=31}} The Pope threatened Andrew with [[excommunication]] if he failed to fulfill his father's vow, but Andrew did not yield.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|pp=124–125}} The conspiracy was uncovered on 10 March 1199, when King Emeric seized letters written by Andrew's partisans to Bishop Boleslaus.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=125}} That summer, royal troops routed Andrew's army in the valley of Rád near [[Lake Balaton]], and Andrew fled to Austria.{{sfn|Almási|2012|p=86}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=125}} During Andrew's exile, Emeric appointed his own partisans to administer Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2022|p=32}} A papal legate mediated a reconciliation between Andrew and Emeric, who allowed Andrew to return to Croatia and Dalmatia in 1200.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=125}} Andrew married [[Gertrude of Merania]] sometime between 1200 and 1203; her father, [[Berthold, Duke of Merania]], owned extensive domains in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] along the borders of Andrew's duchy, in what is now [[Slovenia]].{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=347}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=125}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=230}}

[[File:Coa Hungary Country History Andrew II (1205-1235).svg|thumb |right |190px |alt= The "Árpád stripes": four silver and four red stripes |The "[[Árpád stripes]]" (four [[Argent]] (silver) and four [[Gules]] (red) stripes) on Andrew's personal coat-of-arms]]

When Emeric's son, [[Ladislaus III of Hungary|Ladislaus]], was born around 1200, Andrew's hopes to succeed his brother as king were shattered.{{sfn|Almási|2012|p=86}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=230}} Pope Innocent confirmed the child's position as heir to the crown, declaring that Andrew's future sons would only inherit Andrew's duchy.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=230}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=125}} Andrew planned a new rebellion against his brother, but King Emeric captured him without resistance near [[Varaždin]] in October 1203.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=126}} In contrast, historian Attila Zsoldos considers it was the king who turned against his brother's province with an army initially convened for a crusade.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2022|pp=36–37}}

{{Blockquote|[All] the magnates of the kingdom and almost the whole of the Hungarian army deserted [King Emeric] and unlawfully sided with Duke Andrew. Very few men indeed remained with the king, and even they were terrified at the extent of the insurrection and did not dare to urge the king to hope for success, but rather advised him to flee. Then it happened that one day both sides had drawn close to each other and were beginning to prepare themselves in earnest for {{nobr|battle. ...}} [After] much wise thought, with inspiration from heaven [King Emeric] found a successful way by which he might recover his right to the kingdom and still remain guiltless of bloodshed. So he said to his men, "Stay here a while, and do not follow me." Then he laid down his weapons, and taking only a leafy bough in his hand he walked slowly into the enemy ranks. As he passed through the midst of the armed multitude, he cried out in a loud and strong voice, "Now I shall see who will dare to raise a hand to shed the blood of the royal lineage!" Seeing him, all fell back, and not daring even to mutter, they left a wide passage for him on either side. And then when [King Emeric] reached his brother, he took him, and leading him outside the body of troops, he sent him to a certain castle for custody.|[[Thomas the Archdeacon]]: ''History of the Bishops of Salona and Split''<ref>''Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split'' (ch. 23.), pp. 141–143.</ref>}}

Andrew was first imprisoned in the fort of [[Gornji Kneginec]], then in [[Esztergom]].{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=126}} Alexander of the [[Hont-Pázmány]] clan freed him in early 1204.{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=30}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=126}} It is uncertain whether Andrew was freed by his partisans or his release took place with Emeric's consent.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2022|pp=36–37}} Having fallen ill, King Emeric had his son, Ladislaus, crowned king on 26 August.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=89}} As Pope Innocent already ordered Archbishop [[Ugrin Csák, Archbishop of Esztergom|Ugrin Csák]] to perform the coronation in April, it is plausible that the king decided on Andrew's release, therefore, the coronation was not vitally urgent.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2022|p=38}} Andrew reconciled with his dying brother, who entrusted him with "the guardianship of his son and the administration of the entire kingdom until the ward should reach the age of majority",<ref>''Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split'' (ch. 23.), p. 143.</ref> according to the nearly contemporaneous [[Thomas the Archdeacon]].{{sfn|Almási|2012|p=86}}