Editing Anarchist communism (section)

=== Formulation in the International Workingmen's Association ===
{{main|International Workingmen's Association}}
[[File:Mikhail Bakunin 1862 Nadar (3x4 cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|[[Mikhail Bakunin]] led the anti-authoritarian faction within the [[International Workingmen's Association]].]]
The [[International Workingmen's Association]] (IWA) was established in 1864,{{Sfnm|1a1=Chattopadhyay|1y=2018|1pp=178–179|2a1=Graham|2y=2019|2p=326|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3p=67}} at a time when a formalised anarchist movement did not yet exist. Of the few individual anarchists who were influential at this time, it was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, with his conception of [[federalism]] and his advocacy of [[abstentionism]], who inspired many of the French delegates who founded the IWA and laid the groundwork for the growth of anarchism.{{Sfn|Graham|2019|pp=326–327}} Among the French delegates were a more radical minority that opposed Proudhon's mutualism, which held the [[nuclear family]] as its base social unit. Led by the trade-unionist [[Eugène Varlin]], the radicals advocated for a "non-authoritarian communism", which upheld the [[Municipality#Communes|commune]] as the base social unit and advocated for the [[universal access to education]].{{Sfn|Graham|2019|pp=327–328}} The entry of [[Mikhail Bakunin]] (1814–1876) into the IWA in 1868 first infused the federalists with a programme of [[revolutionary socialism]] and [[anti-statism]], which agitated for [[workers' self-management]] and [[direct action]] against capitalism and the state.{{Sfn|Graham|2019|pp=329–332}}

By this time, the [[Marxism|Marxists]] of the IWA had begun to denounce their [[anti-authoritarianism|anti-authoritarian]] opponents as "anarchists", a label previously adopted by Proudhon and Déjacque and later accepted by the anti-authoritarians themselves.{{Sfn|Wilbur|2019|pp=217-218}} Following the defeat of the [[Paris Commune]] in 1871, the IWA split over questions of [[socialist economics]] and the means of bringing about a [[classless society]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Graham|1y=2019|1pp=332–333|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2p=67}} [[Karl Marx]], who favoured the conquest of state power by political parties, banned the anarchists from the IWA.{{Sfn|Graham|2019|p=334}} The anarchist faction around the [[Jura Federation]] resolved to reconstitute as their own [[Anarchist St. Imier International|Anti-Authoritarian International]], which they constructed as a more decentralised and federal organisation.{{Sfn|Graham|2019|pp=334–336}} Two of the IWA's largest branches, in [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] and [[First Spanish Republic|Spain]], repudiated Marxism and adopted the anti-authoritarian platform.{{Sfnm|1a1=Avrich|1y=1971|1p=23|2a1=Graham|2y=2019|2pp=335–336}}

[[File:James_Guillaume.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[James Guillaume]]'s work set the foundation for the development of communism from collectivism.]]
As a [[collectivist anarchism|collectivist]], Bakunin had himself opposed communism, which he regarded as an inherently [[authoritarian socialism|authoritarian ideology]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Chattopadhyay|1y=2018|1p=169|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2p=67|3a1=Pernicone|3y=1993|3p=28|4a1=Turcato|4y=2019|4p=238}} But with Bakunin's death in 1876, the anarchists began to shift away from his theory of collectivism and towards an anarchist communism.{{Sfn|Wilbur|2019|p=214}} The term "anarchist communism" was first printed in [[François Dumartheray]]'s February 1876 pamphlet, ''To manual workers, supporters of political action''.{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1p=107|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=437|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3pp=68–69}} [[Élisée Reclus]] was quick to express his support for anarchist communism,{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1p=109|2a1=Graham|2y=2019|2p=338|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3pp=68–69}} at a meeting of the Anti-Authoritarian International in [[Lausanne]] the following month.{{Sfn|Pengam|1987|pp=68–69}} [[James Guillaume]]'s August 1876 pamphlet, ''Ideas on Social Organisation'', outlined a proposal by which the [[collective ownership]] of the [[means of production]] could be used in order to transition towards a [[communist society]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1p=108|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=437|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3pp=67–68|4a1=Pernicone|4y=1993|4pp=111–112}} Guillaume considered a necessary prerequisite for communism would be a general condition of [[Post-scarcity economy|abundance]], which could set the foundation for the abandonment of [[exchange value]] and the free distribution of resources.{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1p=108|2a1=Graham|2y=2019|2p=338|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3p=68|4a1=Pernicone|4y=1993|4pp=111–112}} This program for anarcho-communism was adopted by the [[Anarchism in Italy|Italian anarchists]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Graham|1y=2019|1p=338|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=437|3a1=Pengam|3y=1987|3pp=68–69|4a1=Pernicone|4y=1993|4pp=110–111|5a1=Turcato|5y=2019|5p=238}} who had already begun to question collectivism.{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1pp=107–108|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2pp=68–69|3a1=Pernicone|3y=1993|3pp=110–111|4a1=Turcato|4y=2019|4p=238}}

[[File:Carlo Cafiero.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|[[Carlo Cafiero]] led the break from [[collectivist anarchism]] with the first programme for anarchist communism.]]
Although Guillaume had himself [[Anarchism without adjectives|remained neutral]] throughout the debate, in September 1877, the Italian anarcho-communists clashed with the [[Anarchism in Spain|Spanish collectivists]] in [[Verviers]] at what would be the Anti-Authoritarian International's final congress.{{Sfnm|1a1=Graham|1y=2019|1p=339|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2p=69}} Alongside the economic question, the two factions were also divided by the question of organisation. While the collectivists upheld [[trade union]]s as a means for achieving anarchy, the communists considered them to be inherently [[reformism|reformist]] and [[counter-revolutionary]] organisations, prone to [[bureaucracy]] and [[corruption]]. Instead, the communists preferred small, loosely-organised [[affinity group]]s, which they believed closer conformed to anti-authoritarian principles.{{Sfn|Esenwein|1989|pp=108–109}}

In October 1880, a Congress of the defunct International's [[Jura Federation]] adopted [[Carlo Cafiero]]'s programme of ''Anarchy and Communism'', which outlined a clear break with Guillaume's collectivist programme.{{Sfnm|1a1=Graham|1y=2019|1p=340|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2p=69}} Cafiero rejected the use of an exchange value and the collective ownership of industry, which he believed would lead to [[capital accumulation]] and consequently to [[social stratification]]. Instead, Cafiero called for the abolition of all [[wage labour]] (which he saw as a relic of [[capitalism]]) and for the distribution of resources "[[From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs|from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs]]".{{Sfnm|1a1=Esenwein|1y=1989|1pp=107–108|2a1=Pengam|2y=1987|2p=69}}