Editing Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (section)

==History==
===Early years===
[[File:Heer kruisheer zet ford 2zitter op lier chassis schiphol 9 april 1933.jpg|thumb|A Ford being used to power a winch for towing gliders at Schiphol in 1933]]
[[File:Schiphol verkeerstoren.jpg|thumb|The air traffic control tower at Schiphol in 1960]]
[[File:Martinair Convair 440.jpg|thumb|Airplanes and service vehicles on the apron in 1965]]
Before 1852, the entire [[polder]] of [[Haarlemmermeer]] in which the airport lies was a large lake with some shallow areas. There are multiple stories of how the place got its name. The most popular story is that in the shallow waters, sudden violent storms could claim many ships. Winds were particularly strong in the Schiphol area since the prevailing wind direction is from the southwest, and Schiphol lies in the northeastern corner of the lake. In English, {{lang|nl|schiphol}} translates to 'ship hole', a reference to many ships supposedly lost in the lake. When the lake was reclaimed, however, no shipwrecks were found. Another possible origin of the name is the word {{lang|nl|scheepshaal}}. A {{lang|nl|scheepshaal}} is a ditch{{clarify|date=November 2017}} or small canal in which ships would be towed from one lake to another. A third explanation would be that the name is derived from the words {{lang|nl|schip hol}}. This is a low-lying area of land ({{lang|nl|hol}}) from where wood would be obtained to build ships.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.schiphol.nl/InDeSamenleving/Junior/Weetjes.htm |title=Waar komt de naam Schiphol vandaan? |language=nl |year=2013 |publisher=Schiphol Nederland B.V. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119214142/http://www.schiphol.nl/InDeSamenleving/Junior/Weetjes.htm |archive-date=19 November 2011}}</ref>

After the lake was dredged in the mid-1800s, a fortification named Fort Schiphol was built in the area which was part of the [[Stelling van Amsterdam]] defence works.<ref name="stelling">{{cite web |language=nl |url=http://www.stelling-amsterdam.org/forten/schiphol/info.htm#FOTO |title=Stelling van Amsterdam – Fort van het Schiphol |publisher=Stelling-Amsterdam.nl |access-date=24 May 2013 |archive-date=5 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705014009/http://www.stelling-amsterdam.org/forten/schiphol/info.htm#FOTO |url-status=live }}</ref>

Schiphol opened on 16 September 1916 as a military airbase, with a few barracks and a field serving as platform{{clarify|date=November 2017}} and runways. When civil aircraft started to use the field (17 December 1920), it was often called {{lang|nl|Schiphol-les-bains}}. The [[Fokker]] aircraft manufacturer started a factory near Schiphol airport in 1919.<ref>{{cite web |last=Williamson |first=Mitch |url=http://www.warandgame.info/2007/11/fokker-aircraft-company-1910-45.html |title=War and Game: Fokker Aircraft Company 1910–45 |publisher=Warandgame.info |date=23 November 2007 |access-date=27 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712234942/http://www.warandgame.info/2007/11/fokker-aircraft-company-1910-45.html |archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> The end of the First World War also saw the beginning of civilian use of Schiphol Airport and the airport eventually lost its military role completely.

By 1940, Schiphol had four asphalt runways at 45-degree angles, all {{cvt|1020|m|ft}} or less. One was extended to become today's runway 04/22; two others crossed that runway at {{coord|52.312|4.800|type:landmark_region:NL|display=inline}}. The airport was captured by the German military that same year and renamed {{lang|de|Fliegerhorst Schiphol}}. A large number of anti-aircraft defences were installed in the vicinity of the airport and fake decoy airfields were constructed in the vicinity near [[Bennebroek]], [[Vijfhuizen]], and [[Vogelenzang]] to try to confuse Allied bombers. A railway connection was also built. Despite these defences, the airfield was still bombed intensively; an exceptionally heavy attack on 13 December 1943 caused so much damage that it rendered the airfield unusable as an active base. After that, it served only as an emergency landing field, until the Germans themselves destroyed the remnants of the airfield at the start of [[Operation Market Garden]]. At the end of the war, the airfield was quickly restored: the first aircraft, a [[Douglas DC-3]], landed on 8 July 1945.<ref>{{lang|nl|Nederlands Instituut voor Militaire historie – Vliegvelden in Oorlogstijd}} (2009)</ref>

A new terminal building was completed in 1949 and it was decided that Schiphol was to become the primary airport of the Netherlands. The expansion came at the cost of a small town called Rijk, which was demolished to make room for the growing airport. The name of this town is remembered in the name of the present [[Schiphol-Rijk]] industrial estate. In 1967, Schiphol expanded even further with a new terminal area at its current location. Most of the 1967 terminal is still in use today (Departure Halls 1 and 2), as are parts of the original piers (now called C, D, and E). Dutch designer Benno Wissing created signage for Schiphol Airport, well known for its clear writing and thorough colour-coding; to avoid confusion, he prohibited any other signage in the shades of yellow and green used.<ref name="rawthorn">{{cite news |first=Alice |last=Rawthorn |date=21 October 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/22/arts/22iht-design22.html |title=Designers of the Signs That Guide You |work=The New York Times |access-date=24 May 2013 |archive-date=1 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101215128/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/22/arts/22iht-design22.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The new terminal building replaced the older facilities once located on what is now the east side of the airport. The A-pier (now C-pier) of the airport was modified in 1970 to allow [[Boeing 747]] aircraft to use the boarding gates. A new pier (D, now called F) opened in 1977, dedicated to handling wide-body aircraft. The first railway station at the airport followed in 1978.

===Development since the 1990s===
[[File:EHAM Layout.svg|thumb|Airport Map]]
[[File:Schiphol Airport Queues to the Security Control June 2022.jpg|thumb|Queues to the security control in June 2022]]
The construction of a new Air Traffic Control tower was completed in 1991 as the existing tower could no longer oversee all of the airport as it was further expanded. Departure Hall 3 was added to the terminal in 1993, as was another pier, G-pier. New wayfinding signage was designed that year as well by [[Paul Mijksenaar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mijksenaar.com/projects-quicktour/16-amsterdam_airport_schiphol.html |title=Amsterdam Airport Schiphol |year=2009 |publisher=Mijksenaar bv |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524023844/http://www.mijksenaar.com/projects-quicktour/16-amsterdam_airport_schiphol.html |archive-date=24 May 2009}}</ref> A sixth runway was completed at quite some distance west of the rest of airport in 2003 and was nicknamed the Polderbaan, with the connecting [[taxiway bridge]] crossing the [[A5 motorway (Netherlands)|A5 motorway]]. The distance of this runway means that taxiing to and from this runway can take between 10 and 20 minutes. It also required the construction of an additional Air Traffic Control tower as the primary tower is too far away to oversee this part of the airfield.<ref>Schiphol Junior [http://www.schipholjunior.nl/geschiedenis-schiphol/historie.html Geschiedenis Schiphol] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729000238/http://www.schipholjunior.nl/geschiedenis-schiphol/historie.html |date=29 July 2014 }}, article retrieved 21 July 2014.</ref>

{{anchor|Diamond heist}}On 25 February 2005, a diamond robbery occurred at Schiphol's cargo terminal. The robbers used a stolen KLM van to gain [[Airside (airport)|airside]] access. The estimated value of the stones was around 75&nbsp;million [[euro]]s, making it one of the largest diamond robberies ever.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/26/ukcrime.uk |title=Up to £52m in gems stolen in airport raid |author=Rosie Cowan |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=26 December 2014 |date=26 February 2005 |archive-date=26 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226183936/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/26/ukcrime.uk |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later in 2005, a fire broke out at the airport's detention centre, killing 11 people and injuring 15. The complex was holding 350 people at the time of the incident.<ref name="NYT Schiphol 2005 fire">{{cite news |last1=Crouch |first1=Gregory |last2=Simons |first2=Marlise |title=11 Die in Fire at Dutch Airport Detention Center |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/27/international/europe/11-die-in-fire-at-dutch-airport-detention-center.html |work=The New York Times |date=27 October 2005 |access-date=15 April 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415070100/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/27/international/europe/11-die-in-fire-at-dutch-airport-detention-center.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Results from the investigation almost one year later showed that fire safety precautions were not in force. A national outrage resulted in the resignation of Justice Minister [[Piet Hein Donner]] (CDA) and Mayor Hartog of Haarlemmermeer. Spatial Planning Minister [[Sybilla Dekker]] (VVD) resigned as well because she bore responsibility for safety failings cited in the report.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/22/world/europe/22briefs-005.html |title=The Netherlands: 2 Ministers Resign Over Jail Fire |agency=Reuters |date=2006-09-22 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2020-01-30 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130013327/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/22/world/europe/22briefs-005.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the summer of 2022, the airport suffered the [[impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation]]. It experienced extraordinarily long delays and a large number of cancelled flights, which led to a recession of air traffic and subsequently to a shortage of security staff and a walkout of baggage handlers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Schiphol airport braces itself for summer of long queues and chaos |url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2022/06/schiphol-airport-braces-itself-for-summer-of-long-queues-and-chaos/ |work=DutchNews.nl |date=1 June 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602075505/https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2022/06/schiphol-airport-braces-itself-for-summer-of-long-queues-and-chaos/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Queues for security check-in were reported to last for 5 hours, and many passengers missed their flights.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aviation24.be/airports/amsterdam-schiphol-ams/chaos-returns-to-amsterdam-schiphol-as-security-staffers-massively-look-for-jobs-elsewhere/ | title=Chaos returns to Amsterdam Schiphol as security staffers massively look for jobs elsewhere; airport asks airlines to start canceling flights | date=12 September 2022 | access-date=16 September 2022 | archive-date=14 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914083300/https://www.aviation24.be/airports/amsterdam-schiphol-ams/chaos-returns-to-amsterdam-schiphol-as-security-staffers-massively-look-for-jobs-elsewhere/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The CEO of [[Schiphol Group]], Dick Benschop, was forced to resign.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ft.com/content/af6128b7-d593-4169-9af5-9f6664d30a79 | title=Schiphol airport chief resigns over flight disruption | newspaper=[[Financial Times]] | date=15 September 2022 | access-date=16 September 2022 |location=[[London]]|publisher=[[Nikkei, Inc.]]|url-access=subscription| archive-date=15 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915170653/https://www.ft.com/content/af6128b7-d593-4169-9af5-9f6664d30a79 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, Schiphol experienced substantial growth, with an 8% increase in passenger traffic and an 8.2% rise in cargo volume compared to 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bryant 2025-02-21T16:52:00+00:00 |first=Mike |title=Schiphol announces positive cargo results for 2024 |url=https://www.aircargonews.net/cargo-airports/schiphol-announces-positive-cargo-results-for-2024/1079721.article |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Air Cargo News |language=en}}</ref> This surge prompted Schiphol Group to announce a €6 billion infrastructure investment plan covering the 2024–2029 period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major investment plan of 6 billion to improve Schiphol |url=https://news.schiphol.com/major-investment-plan-of-6-billion-to-improve-schiphol/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Major investment plan of 6 billion to improve Schiphol |language=en}}</ref> Key projects include the renovation of Pier C, an overhaul of the baggage handling system, enhancements to climate-control systems, and the construction of additional aircraft stands and taxiways. The airport is also developing a new Pier A, scheduled to open in 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMS announce 6bn euro investment to develop airport |url=https://www.internationalairportreview.com/news/227058/amsterdam-airport-schiphol-plans-for-its-biggest-investment-ever-worth-e6-billion/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=International Airport Review |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-17 |title=Schiphol expects traffic to grow despite cap on flights |url=https://www.businesstravelnewseurope.com/Air-Travel/Schiphol-expects-traffic-to-grow-despite-cap-on-flights |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=www.businesstravelnewseurope.com |language=en}}</ref>