Editing American robin (section)

== Description ==

The eastern subspecies (''T. m. migratorius'') is {{cvt|23|to|28|cm|in}} long with a wingspan ranging from {{convert|31|to|41|cm|in|abbr=on}}, with similar size ranges across all subspecies. The species averages about {{cvt|77|g|oz}} in weight, with males ranging from {{cvt|72|to|94|g|oz}} and females ranging from {{cvt|59|to|91|g|oz}}.<ref name="ADW">{{cite web|last1=Dewey |first1=Tanya |last2=Middleton |first2=Candice |title=''Turdus migratorius'' |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Turdus_migratorius.html |year=2002 |work=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |access-date=19 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124222635/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Turdus_migratorius.html |archive-date=24 November 2007 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=American robin videos, photos and facts – Turdus migratorius |url=http://www.arkive.org/american-robin/turdus-migratorius/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130024614/http://www.arkive.org/american-robin/turdus-migratorius/ |archive-date=2011-11-30|access-date=2012-08-23}}</ref> Among standard measurements, the [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] is {{cvt|11.5|to|14.5|cm|in}}, the [[Culmen (bird)|culmen]] is {{cvt|1.8|to|2.2|cm|in}} and the [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]] is {{cvt|2.9|to|3.3|cm|in}}.<ref>Clement, Peter (2001) ''Thrushes''. Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|978-0691088525}}.</ref> The head varies from jet black to gray, with white eye arcs and white [[Supercilium|supercilia]].<ref name=Alderfer>{{cite book |editor-last=Alderfer |editor-first=John |author=Leukering, T. |title=Complete Birds of North America |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2006 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=492 |isbn=0-7922-4175-4}}</ref> The throat is white with black streaks, and the belly and undertail [[Covert (feather)|covert]]s are white. The adult has a brown back and a reddish-orange breast, varying from a rich red maroon to peachy orange.<ref name="ADW"/> The bill is mainly yellow with a variably dark tip, the dusky area becoming more extensive in winter, and the legs and feet are brown.<ref name=Alderfer/>

The sexes are similar, but females tend to be duller in color than males, with a brown tint to the head, brown upperparts, and less-bright underparts. However, some birds cannot be accurately sexed on the sole basis of [[plumage]].<ref name=Clement/> Juveniles are paler in color than adult males and have dark spots on their breasts<ref name="ADW"/> and whitish wing coverts.<ref name=Alderfer/> First-year birds are not easily distinguishable from adults, but they tend to be duller, with first-year males resembling adult females, and a small percentage retain a few juvenile wing coverts or other feathers.<ref name=Alderfer/>