Editing American cuisine (section)

====Fish and crustaceans====
[[File:Blue crab on market in Piraeus - Callinectes sapidus Rathbun 20020819-317.jpg|thumb|right|[[Callinectes sapidus|Blue crab]] was used on the eastern and southern coast of what is now the U.S. mainland.]]
As with the [[Game (hunting)|hunted game]], the [[biome]] in which one lived often dictated what was available to catch. For example, the [[Apache]] and [[Navajo]] peoples of the Southwest, whose territories each would have included swathes of [[New Mexico]] and [[Arizona]], generally do not eat fish because in both cultures it is taboo, as well as often inconvenient.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} The Navajo believe that fish have a part in the story of creation,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://openamlitcwi.pressbooks.com/chapter/navajo-emergence-myth/|title=Navajo Diné Bahaneʼ|first=Joel|last=Gladd|date=September 1, 2019|via=openamlitcwi.pressbooks.com|access-date=January 2, 2021|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511021559/https://openamlitcwi.pressbooks.com/chapter/navajo-emergence-myth/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the Apache were in general afraid of water since they associated it with thunder,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scalar.usc.edu/works/american-indian-film-archive/apache-cooking|title=American Indian Film Gallery: Apache Cooking|website=American Indian Film Gallery: Cultures of Apache tribes and Hopi tribes|access-date=January 2, 2021|archive-date=June 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618110446/https://scalar.usc.edu/works/american-indian-film-archive/apache-cooking|url-status=live}}</ref> and the arid desert climate made fish a rarity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navajotimes.com/entertainment/health/1010/100710fish.php|title=Fish taboo may be good for health – Navajo Times|website=navajotimes.com|access-date=January 2, 2021|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511021600/https://www.navajotimes.com/entertainment/health/1010/100710fish.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

However, in the culture of the [[Lenape]], the tribe that originally lived in [[New Jersey]], on the [[Delaware River]], and the area that now comprises [[New York City]], [[Fish as food|fish]] and [[shellfish]] were a staple in their diet and it was such a revered part of the culture that there is a documented and still-practiced harvest dance called the Fish Dance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Dances.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://delawaretribe.org/wp-content/uploads/Lenape-Dances.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=LENAPE DANCES |website=delawaretribe.org|access-date=January 2, 2021}}</ref> Originally it would have been done to celebrate bringing in fish from places like the [[Delaware River|Delaware]] or [[Raritan River]] or the estuary around Manhattan Island and the completion of smoking them as a source of food for the winter ahead.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Carney|first=Leo H.|date=November 22, 1981|title=How the Lenapes Celebrated|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/22/nyregion/how-the-lenapes-celebrated.html|access-date=January 2, 2021|archive-date=August 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816012322/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/22/nyregion/how-the-lenapes-celebrated.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Eastern tribes would have eaten [[Cod (food)|cod]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/brief-history-of-cod-fishing-2291538|title=Atlantic Cod's Importance in American History|first1=Resource Administration and Management|last1=M. S.|first2=Natural Resources|last2=B. S.|website=ThoughtCo|access-date=January 2, 2021|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122130322/https://www.thoughtco.com/brief-history-of-cod-fishing-2291538|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nativeamericannetroots.net/diary/1401|title=Aboriginal New England Cuisine With Recipes &#124; Native American Netroots|access-date=January 2, 2021|archive-date=November 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116074314/http://nativeamericannetroots.net/diary/1401|url-status=live}}</ref> particularly groups that spoke the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] languages of [[New England]] as far south as present day [[Connecticut]], [[winter flounder]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://41nmagazine.org/2020/12/22/in-times-of-hardship-saved-by-the-sea/|title=In Times of Hardship, Saved by the Sea|date=December 22, 2020|website=41ºN Magazine|access-date=January 2, 2021|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114225636/https://41nmagazine.org/2020/12/22/in-times-of-hardship-saved-by-the-sea/|url-status=live}}</ref> and other [[flatfish]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/indian-tribes/narragansett-tribe.htm|title=Narragansett Tribe: Facts, Clothes, Food and History ***|website=warpaths2peacepipes.com|access-date=January 2, 2021|archive-date=April 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420151619/https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/indian-tribes/narragansett-tribe.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> species of herring like the [[Alewife (fish)|alewife]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Taft |first1=Dave |title=The Stubborn Staying Power of the Alewife Herring (Published 2017) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/16/nyregion/alewife-herring.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/16/nyregion/alewife-herring.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited |work=The New York Times |date=March 16, 2017 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[American shad|shad]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/american-shad/|title=American Shad – Arca del Gusto|website=Slow Food Foundation|access-date=January 2, 2021|archive-date=August 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813001518/https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/american-shad/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Atlantic herring]], and [[Atlantic menhaden]],<ref>Olsen SL: '''Animals in American Indian Life: An Overview'''. In: ''Stars Above, Earth Below American Indians and Nature.'' edn. Edited by Bol MC. Dublin: Roberts Rinehart Publishers; 1998: 95–118.</ref><ref>Speck FG, Hassrick RB, Carpenter ES: '''Rappahannock Taking Devices: Traps, Hunting and Fishing'''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia Anthropological Society; 1946.</ref>   They also would have consumed the [[Atlantic sturgeon]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/indian-tribes/powhatan-tribe.htm|title=Powhatan Tribe: Facts, Clothes, Food and History ***|website=warpaths2peacepipes.com|access-date=January 2, 2021|archive-date=April 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420172402/https://www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/indian-tribes/powhatan-tribe.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[drum (fish)|drum]].

In the West, Pacific several species of sturgeon, like the [[white sturgeon]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 1, 2019|title=White Sturgeon|url=https://kaniksulandtrust.org/2019/07/01/white-sturgeon/|access-date=January 2, 2021|website=Kaniksu Land Trust|language=en-US|archive-date=September 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924170308/https://kaniksulandtrust.org/2019/07/01/white-sturgeon/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[green sturgeon]],<ref>Gobalet, K.W., P.D. Schultz, T.A. Wake, and N. Siefkin. 2004. Archaeological perspectives on Native American fisheries of California, with emphasis on steelhead and salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133:801–833.</ref> [[Oily fish|olachen]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/northwest-coast/kwakwa-ka-wakw/kwakwa-ka-wakw-collection/fishing-gear/olachen-fishing|title=Olachen Fishing|website=American Museum of Natural History|access-date=January 2, 2021|archive-date=August 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814165246/https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/northwest-coast/kwakwa-ka-wakw/kwakwa-ka-wakw-collection/fishing-gear/olachen-fishing|url-status=live}}</ref> and several autochthonal fish of the [[Oncorhynchus|''Oncorhynchus'' family]] including the [[rainbow trout]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/mercury/docs/tribes_%20fish_use.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/mercury/docs/tribes_%20fish_use.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |title=California Tribes fish use |date=2014 |website=waterboards.ca.gov |access-date=January 2, 2021}}</ref> [[cutthroat trout]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bpa.gov/news/newsroom/pages/Help-native-trout-and-win-thousands-of-dollars-in-prizes.aspx|title=Help native trout and win thousands of dollars in prizes|website=bpa.gov|access-date=January 2, 2021|archive-date=August 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813052520/https://www.bpa.gov/news/newsroom/pages/Help-native-trout-and-win-thousands-of-dollars-in-prizes.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[coho salmon]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/western_oregon_klickitats/#.X-_coy1h17g|title=Western Oregon Klikatats (Klickitats)|website=oregonencyclopedia.org|access-date=January 2, 2021|archive-date=November 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125061445/https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/western_oregon_klickitats/#.X-_coy1h17g|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aliciapatterson.org/stories/homeward-hearts-story-pacific-salmon|title=Homeward Hearts: A Story Of Pacific Salmon &#124; Alicia Patterson Foundation|website=aliciapatterson.org|access-date=January 2, 2021|archive-date=April 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408091059/https://aliciapatterson.org/stories/homeward-hearts-story-pacific-salmon|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[[Alfred L. Kroeber|Kroeber, Alfred Louis]] (1925). ''Handbook of the Indians of California''. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.</ref> [[kokanee salmon]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.critfc.org/salmon-culture/tribal-salmon-culture/|title=Salmon Culture &#124; Pacific Northwest tribes, Columbia River salmon|website=CRITFC|access-date=January 2, 2021|archive-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124060606/https://www.critfc.org/salmon-culture/tribal-salmon-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[chinook salmon]]. The last makes an appearance in the accounts of [[Lewis and Clark]] as being fished for in the [[Columbia River Basin]], and this species is named for a family of tribes of the Pacific Northwest, indicating its important role in that food culture.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

[[Pacific gray whale]]s and [[Humpback whale|humpbacks]] were hunted by American Indians off the Northwest coast, especially by the [[Makah]], and used for their meat and oil.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y84rc5HGKpEC&q=seafood+native+americans+herring+halibut&pg=PA226|title=Native Americans: Southwest – California – Northwest Coast – Great Basin – Plateau|first=Barry|last=Pritzker|date=August 8, 1998|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780874368369|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Catfish]] was also popular among native people throughout the land, over many types of terrain.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Crustaceans included [[Shrimp (food)|shrimp]], [[Lobster meat|lobster]], [[Crayfish (food)|crayfish]], and [[dungeness crab]]s in the Northwest and shrimp, lobster and [[Callinectes sapidus|blue crabs]] in the East. Other shellfish include [[abalone]] and [[geoduck]] on the West Coast, while on the East Coast the [[Atlantic surf clam|surf clam]], [[quahog]], and the [[soft-shell clam]]. [[Oyster]]s were eaten on both shores, as were [[Mussel#As food|mussel]]s and [[Common periwinkle|periwinkles]].<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Root|De Rochemont|1981|pp=21,22}}</ref>