Editing Ambush (section)

==Procedure==
In modern warfare, an ambush can be employed by ground troops up to [[platoon]] size against enemy targets, which may be other ground troops, or possibly vehicles. However, in some situations, especially when deep behind enemy lines, the actual attack will be carried out by a platoon. A [[Company (military unit)|company]]-sized unit will be deployed to support the attack group, setting up and maintaining a forward patrol harbour from which the attacking force will deploy, and to which they will retire after the attack.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.atu.edu/rotc/docs/3_21-76_Ranger_HB |title=Ranger |date=April 2000 |publisher=Ranger Training Brigade }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Planning===
[[File:Ambush.gif|thumb|US Army idealised linear ambush plan]]
[[File:Ambush_L_shaped.png|thumb|US Army idealised L-shaped ambush plan]]
Ambushes are complex multiphase operations and are therefore usually planned in some detail.<ref name="Moore.Army">{{Cite web |title=Mission Command |url=https://www.moore.army.mil/Infantry/DoctrineSupplement/ATP3-21.8/chapter_08/CombatPatrols/ActionsontheObjective_Ambush/index.html |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=www.moore.army.mil |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420183206/https://www.moore.army.mil/Infantry/DoctrineSupplement/ATP3-21.8/chapter_08/CombatPatrols/ActionsontheObjective_Ambush/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> First, a suitable killing zone is identified. This is where the ambush will be laid, where enemy units are expected to pass, and gives reasonable cover for the deployment, execution, and extraction phases of the ambush patrol. A path along a wooded valley floor would be a typical example.

Ambush can be described geometrically as:<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2023 |title=Military Tactics 101: The Anatomy of the Modern Ambush Attack |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/research/a45574165/military-tactics-how-ambushes-work/ |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=Popular Mechanics |language=en-US |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420183206/https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/research/a45574165/military-tactics-how-ambushes-work/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Moore.Army" />
* '''Linear''', when a number of firing units are equally distant from the linear [[kill zone]]. It can easily be controlled under all visibility conditions.
* '''L-shaped''', when a short leg of firing units are placed to [[enfilade]] (fire the length of) the sides of the linear kill zone.
* '''V-shaped''', when the firing units are distant from the kill zone where the enemy enters and the firing units lay down bands of intersecting and interlocking fire. This ambush is normally triggered only when the enemy is well into the kill zone. The intersecting bands of fire prevent any attempt of moving out of the kill zone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/7-85/ch6.htm|title=FM 7–85 Chapter 6 Special Light Infantry Operations|website=www.globalsecurity.org|accessdate=15 July 2024|archive-date=16 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516162234/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/7-85/ch6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Viet Cong ambush techniques===
[[File:vchelicopterfight2.jpg|thumb|right|The VC/NVA prepared the battlefield carefully. Siting automatic weapons at treetop level for example helped shoot down several US helicopters during the [[Battle of Dak To]], 1967<ref>Terrence Maitland, A CONTAGION OF WAR: THE VIETNAM EXPERIENCE SERIES, (Boston Publishing Company), 1983, p. 180</ref>]]

====Ambush criteria====
The terrain for the ambush had to meet strict criteria:
* provide concealment to prevent detection from the ground or air
* enable ambush force to deploy, encircle and divide the enemy
* allow for heavy weapons emplacements to provide sustained fire
* enable the ambush force to set up observation posts for early detection of the enemy
* permit the secret movement of troops to the ambush position and the dispersal of troops during withdrawal

One important feature of the ambush was that the target units should 'pile up' after being attacked, thus preventing them any easy means of withdrawal from the [[kill zone]] and hindering their use of heavy weapons and supporting fire. Terrain was usually selected which would facilitate this and slow down the enemy. Any terrain around the ambush site which was not favourable to the ambushing force, or which offered some protection to the target, was heavily mined and booby trapped or pre-registered for [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tactics used in the Vietnam War – The Vietnam War – Edexcel – GCSE History Revision – Edexcel |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z89hg82/revision/4 |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=BBC Bitesize |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420183156/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z89hg82/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Ambush units====
The NVA/VC ambush formations consisted of:
* lead-blocking element
* main-assault element
* rear-blocking element
* observation posts
* command post

Other elements might also be included if the situation demanded, such as a sniper screen along a nearby avenue of approach to delay enemy reinforcements.

====Command posts====
When deploying into an ambush site, the NVA first occupied several observation posts, placed to detect the enemy as early as possible and to report on the formation it was using, its strength and firepower, as well as to provide early warning to the unit commander. Usually, one main OP and numerous secondary OPs were established. Runners and radios were used to communicate between the OPs and the main command post. The OPs were located so that enemy movement into the ambush could be observed. They would remain in position throughout the ambush to report routes of reinforcement and withdrawal by the enemy, as well as his manoeuvre options. Frequently the OPs were reinforced to squad size and served as flank security. The command post was situated in a central location, frequently on terrain which afforded it a vantage point overlooking the ambush site.

====Recon methods====
Reconnaissance elements observing a potential ambush target on the move generally stayed 300–500 meters away. A "leapfrogging" recon technique can be used. Surveillance units were echeloned one behind the other. As the enemy drew close to the first, it fell back behind the last recon team, leaving an advance group in its place. This one in turn fell back as the enemy again closed the gap, and the cycle rotated. This method helped keep the enemy under continuous observation from a variety of vantage points, and allowed the recon groups to cover one another.<ref name="RAND Corp">RAND Corp, "Insurgent Organization and Operations: A Case Study of the Viet Cong in the Delta, 1964–1966", (Santa Monica: August 1967)</ref>