Editing Almaty (section)

== History ==
{{refimprove section|date=July 2024}}
{{see also|Timeline of Almaty}}

===Prehistoric Almaty===
During 1000–900 BC in the [[Bronze Age]], the first farmers and cattle-breeders established settlements in the territory of Almaty.<ref name="history" /> During the [[Saka]] period (from 700 BC to the beginning of the Christian era), these lands were occupied by the Saka and later [[Wusun]] tribes, who inhabited the territory north of the [[Tian Shan]] mountain range with evidence of these times found in the numerous burial mounds ([[Tumulus|tumuli]]) and ancient settlements, especially the giant burial mounds of the Saka tsars. The most famous archaeological finds have been "The Golden Man", also known as "The Golden Warrior", from the [[Issyk Kurgan]]; the Zhalauly treasure, the [[Kargaly, Zhambyl District|Kargaly]] diadem, and the [[Jetisu|Zhetysu]] arts bronzes (boilers, lamps, and altars). During the period of Saka and Wusun governance, Almaty became an early education center.<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://www.almaty.kz/page.php?page_id=384&lang=2 |title=History of Almaty |publisher=Almaty.kz |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119190828/http://www.almaty.kz/page.php?page_id=384&lang=2 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===15th–18th centuries===
In the 15th–18th centuries, the city was in decline as trade activities were decreasing on this part of the [[Silk Road]]. European nations were conducting more overseas trade by shipping. This period was one of crucial ethnic and political transformations.

The [[Dzungar people|Dzungar]] invaded, dominating the Kazakh people for a period. The Kazakhs fought to protect their land and preserve independence. In 1730 the Kazakh defeated the Dzungar in the Anyrakay mountains, {{convert|70|km|mi|round=5|abbr=off}} northwest of Almaty. The Senior Kazakh Horde (Uly Zhuz) held jurisdiction over the region. During the eighteenth century, the city and region were roughly near the border of the [[Khanate of Kokand]]. It was then absorbed as part of the Russian Empire in the 1850s.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

===Foundation of Verny===
[[File:Zenkov cathedral.jpg|thumb|[[Ascension Cathedral, Almaty|Zenkov Cathedral]], a 19th-century [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] cathedral located in Panfilov Park, is the fourth tallest wooden building in the world.<ref>Ness, Immanuel. ''Encyclopedia of World Cities''. M E Sharpe Reference, 1999. {{ISBN|0-7656-8017-3}}. Page 19.</ref>]]
[[File:Акимат Алматы на Площади Республики. Июль, 2015 года.JPG|thumb|223x223px|Town Hall on Republic Square ]]
[[File:Eternal Flame World War II monument. Almaty, Kazakhstan.jpg|left|thumb|World War II monument "Feat" in Park of the 28 Panfilov Guardsmen]]
To establish its control of the region, Russia built '''Fort Zailiyskoe''' ({{langx|ru|Заилийское}}) between the Bolshaya and Malenkaya Almatinka rivers. Construction began on 4 February 1854 and was largely completed by autumn. The fort was a pentagonal wooden palisade with one side built along the Malaya Almatinka. Before the end of the year, it was renamed '''Fort Vernoe''' ({{lang|ru|Верное}}, "Loyal"), sometimes rendered as Vyernoe at the time.<ref>{{citation |last= |first= |location= |publisher= |date=1881 |volume=XII |edition=9th |title=[[:s:EB9|Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |contribution=[[:s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Ili|Ili]] }}.</ref> The palisade was eventually replaced with a brick wall with embrasures. The fort's main facilities were erected around the large central square for training and parading.<ref>[http://lyakhov.kz/semirek/studies/150chron.shtml Archived copy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108013547/http://lyakhov.kz/semirek/studies/150chron.shtml |date=8 January 2009}}</ref>

In 1867, the settlement around the fort was large enough that it was reorganized as the town of '''Almatinsk''' ({{lang|ru|Алматинск}}). Before the end of the year, this was renamed '''Verny''' ({{lang|ru|Верный}}, {{translit|ru|Vernyj}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://almaty.gov.kz/page.php?page_id=384&lang=2&wptouch_preview_theme=enabled |title=History of Almaty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925180853/http://almaty.gov.kz/page.php?page_id=384&lang=2&wptouch_preview_theme=enabled |archive-date=25 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 28 May 1887, at 4 a.m., an [[1887 Verny earthquake|earthquake]] almost totally destroyed Verny in 11–12 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kazakhstan.orexca.com/almaty_history.shtml |title=History of Almaty :: Echoes of Past Centuries. Almaty history. The city of Almaty |website=kazakhstan.orexca.com |language=en |access-date=25 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925132437/https://kazakhstan.orexca.com/almaty_history.shtml |archive-date=25 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By 1906 the population of the city had grown to 27,000, two-thirds of whom were Russians and Ukrainians.<ref>{{cite web |title=Almaty |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Almaty-Kazakhstan#ref64731 |website=Britannica |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref>

On 3 January 1911 the city was almost completely destroyed with over 770 brick buildings collapsing as a result of the [[1911 Kebin earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Today in Earthquake History |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=1&day=3&submit=View+Date |website=earthquake.usgs.gov |access-date=3 January 2024 |archive-date=23 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123144720/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=1&day=3&submit=View%2BDate |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Soviet era===
[[File:Opera in Almaty.JPG|thumb|227x227px|The Almaty Opera Building]]In 1918 following the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Bolshevik government, [[Soviet (council)|Soviet]] power was established in Verny. The city and the region became part of the [[Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] (RSFSR).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Как переносили столицу из Кзыл-Орды в Алма-Ату – Аналитический интернет-журнал Vласть |url=https://vlast.kz/istorija/30916-kak-perenosili-stolicu-iz-kzyl-ordy-v-alma-atu.html |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=vlast.kz |language=ru |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412104654/https://vlast.kz/istorija/30916-kak-perenosili-stolicu-iz-kzyl-ordy-v-alma-atu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 5 February 1921, Verny was renamed Alma-Ata, one of the city's ancient names, by a joint consultation of regional government representatives, professional trade associations, and local faith-based groups.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ахметов |first=Альберт |date=5 February 2021 |title=100 лет назад Верный стал Алма-Атой: Как это было |url=https://www.zakon.kz/5056817-100-let-nazad-vernyy-stal-alma-atoy-kak.html |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=zakon.kz |language=ru |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309165548/https://www.zakon.kz/5056817-100-let-nazad-vernyy-stal-alma-atoy-kak.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1926, the Council of Labor and Defence approved the construction of the [[Turkestan–Siberia Railway]] that was a crucial element of the future growth of Kazakhstan, especially in the east and southeast of the region. The Turkestan–Siberia Railway construction also had a decisive economic impact that strongly influenced the destiny of Alma-Ata as the capital of the [[Kazakh ASSR]]. In 1930 the construction of the highway and railway to Alma-Ata was completed.<ref name=":0" />

On 29 April 1927, the government decided to transfer the capital of the [[Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] from [[Kyzyl-Orda]] to Alma-Ata, within the RFSFR.<ref name=":0" /> This attracted more trade and people working with the government, stimulating intensive development in the city.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

On 31 January 1928, [[Leon Trotsky]], leader of the 1917 [[October Revolution]], accompanied by his wife [[Natalia Sedova]] and his son [[Lev Sedov]], was exiled to Alma-Ata by [[Joseph Stalin]], then head of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] in Moscow. Trotsky was expelled from Alma-Ata to Turkey in February 1929 and went into exile in Mexico City.

The Alma-Ata airport was opened in 1930,<ref>{{Cite web |title=История авиации Алматы.Теги: обсуждение истории развития; изучение биографии авиаторов; история авиации. |url=http://aviaengeneer.ru/istoriya-aviatcii-almaty |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=aviaengeneer.ru |language=ru-RU |archive-date=4 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704043821/http://aviaengeneer.ru/istoriya-aviatcii-almaty |url-status=live }}</ref> opening up a direct connection from Alma-Ata to [[Moscow]], the center of the [[Government of the Soviet Union|Soviet government]]. Alma-Ata became the main entry by air to [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakhstan]], a status which it retains today. Transformation of this small town into the capital of the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]] was accelerated by the large-scale construction of new administrative and government facilities and housing. The [[Great Purge]] of 1936–38 extended to [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakhstan]], where numerous intellectuals, activists, leaders, teachers and others were killed. [[Government of the Soviet Union|The Soviet government]] dominated the population. During the 1930s [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] nomads suffered [[Kazakh famine of 1931–1933|starvation]] after disruption of their traditional living patterns. (see: [[Kazakh famine of 1931–1933|Asharshylyq]])

In 1936 the Architecture and Planning Bureau developed a plan to enhance Alma-Ata as the new cultural capital of the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]]. The plan was based on the existing rectangular system of districts. They were to be strengthened and reconstructed.

====World War II====
During [[World War II]] the government dramatically affected the city's population and structures. To better organize the home front and concentrate industrial and material resources, the government evacuated 26,000 people and numerous industries from the European theatre of war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Эвакуация населения и промышленности из западныз районов СССР в Северо-Казахстанскую область (1941-1943 гг.) |url=https://e-history.kz/ru/history-of-kazakhstan/show/9274/ |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=e-history.kz |date=10 October 2013 |language=ru |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412083759/https://e-history.kz/ru/history-of-kazakhstan/show/9274/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Alma-Ata hosted over 30 industrial facilities removed from the European section of [[Soviet Union|the USSR]], eight evacuated hospitals, 15 institutes, universities and technical schools; and around 20 cultural institutions. [[Motion picture production company|Motion picture production companies]] from [[Leningrad]], [[Kyiv]], and [[Moscow]] were also moved to Alma-Ata at this time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=История театра {{!}} Государственный театр кукол |url=https://puppet.kz/ru/about/history |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=puppet.kz |language=ru |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411184510/https://puppet.kz/ru/about/history |url-status=live }}</ref> This brought in so many [[Russians|ethnic Russians]] that the [[Kazakhs]] became a [[Minority group|minority]] in the region.

====Industrialization ====
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2012}}

During the years 1941–1945 the industrial potential of the city increased significantly. Development increased during the postwar years. The population of the city grew from 104,000 in 1919 to 365,000 in 1968. By 1967 the city had 145 enterprises, with the bulk of these being light and food industries.

The main industries in Alma-Ata were: food processing (36% of gross industrial output), based largely on locally abundant fruit and vegetable raw materials, light industry (31%), and heavy industry (33%). The main products of the region were:
* '''Food:''' Meat, flour and cereals (pasta factory), milk, [[wine]]s, canned fruit, tobacco, confectionery, alcoholic spirits, [[beer]], yeast, and tea (packaging)
* '''Light industry:''' textiles, fur, knitting, [[carpet]]s, footwear, apparel, printing, and the Almaty Cotton combine.
* '''Heavy industry:''' electrical engineering, foundry engineering, car repair, bearing repair, building materials, woodworking, concrete structures and structural elements, and housebuilding.

====Urban development====
[[File:International conference on Primary Health Care - Conferencia Internacional sobre Atención Primaria de Salud - Almaty -1978.jpg|thumb|227x227px|
The International conference on Primary Health Care in 1978, known as the Alma-Ata Declaration
]]
From 1966 to 1971, 1,400,000 square metres of [[Public housing|public]] and [[Housing cooperative|cooperative housing]] were built. Annually, around 300,000 square metres of dwellings were under construction. Most of the buildings constructed during this time were [[Seismic analysis|earthquake-proof]] multi-story buildings. The Soviet government tried to diversify architectural forms to create a more varied cityscape. During this period, many schools, hospitals, cultural, and entertainment facilities were constructed, including Lenin's Palace, the [[Hotel Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan Hotel]], and the [[Medeo]] Sports Complex.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Спортивный комплекс Медеу в Алматы |url=http://alnaz.ru/almaty/medeu.html |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=alnaz.ru |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110124/http://alnaz.ru/almaty/medeu.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The supersonic transport [[Tupolev]] [[Tu-144]] went into service on 26 December 1975, carrying mail and freight between Moscow and Alma-Ata in preparation for passenger services; these began in November 1977. The Aeroflot flight on 1 June 1978 was the 55th and last scheduled passenger flight of the Tu-144.

Alma-Ata was the host city for a 1978 international conference on [[Primary Health Care]]. The [[Alma Ata Declaration]] was adopted, marking a paradigm shift in global public health.

On 16 December 1986, the [[Jeltoqsan]] riot took place in the [[Republic Square, Almaty|Brezhnev Square]] (now Republic Square) in response to General Secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s dismissal of [[Dinmukhamed Kunayev]].<ref>"Nationalist riots in Kazakhstan: Violent nationalist riots erupted in Alma-Ata, the capital of Kazakhstan, on 17 and 18 December 1986"</ref>

On 7 September 1988, the subway [[Almaty Metro]] project started construction; the subway was opened on 1 December 2011 after 23 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zakon.kz/site_main_news/4460872-v-almaty-otkrylsja-metropoliten.html |title=В Алматы открылся Метрополитен (фото) |date=December 2011 |publisher=Zakon.kz |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132616/http://www.zakon.kz/site_main_news/4460872-v-almaty-otkrylsja-metropoliten.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Post-independence===
Kazakhstan declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 16 December 1991 ([[Kazakhstan Independence Day]]). On 28 January 1993, the government renamed the city from the Russian ''Alma-Ata'' to the Kazakh name ''Almaty''.<ref name="gov.kz-hist">{{cite web |url=https://almaty.gov.kz/page.php?page_id=384&lang=2 |title=History of Almaty |access-date=6 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406225820/https://almaty.gov.kz/page.php?page_id=384&lang=2 |archive-date=6 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1997 the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] approved the decree to transfer the capital from Almaty to Astana in the north of the country.<ref>[http://www.akorda.kz/www/www_akorda_kz.nsf/sections?OpenForm&id_doc=80696F88AC705680462572340019E5CD&lang=en Archived copy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126184729/http://www.akorda.kz/www/www_akorda_kz.nsf/sections?OpenForm&id_doc=80696F88AC705680462572340019E5CD&lang=en |date=26 November 2007}}</ref> 

On 1 July 1998 a law was passed to establish the special status of Almaty as a scientific, cultural, historical, financial, and industrial centre.<ref name="gov.kz-hist" />
[[File:Trolleybus in Almaty.JPG|thumb|Trolleybus in Almaty city]]
[[File:Smog over Almaty.jpg|thumbnail|left|Picture taken during a temperature [[Inversion (meteorology)|inversion]], showing smog trapped over Almaty]]

The new general plan of Almaty for 2030 was released in 1998. It is intended to create ecologically safe, secure, and socially comfortable living conditions in the city. The main objective is to promote Almaty's image as a garden-city.

It proposes continued multi-storied and single-housing development, reorganization of industrial districts or territories, improving transport infrastructure, and expanding the [[Almaty Metro]]. The first line of the Almaty metro was launched on 1 December 2011, two weeks ahead of schedule. The extension of the line to Qalqaman was opened in 2015.

Nevertheless, Almaty has developed a major problem with [[air pollution]]. Already in 1995, [[particulate emissions]], then mostly from the city's [[thermal power station]], exceeded Kazakh and EU standards by over 20 times.<ref>{{cite report |title=Almaty Air Quality Study (TA 2262-Kaz) |author=CRE Group |year=1995 |page=i |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |access-date=22 January 2018 |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/72714/28427-kaz-tacr.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072342/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/72714/28427-kaz-tacr.pdf |archive-date=22 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, Almaty was ranked the 9th most polluted city in the world.<ref name="mercerairpollution">{{cite news |title=Almaty is one of ten most polluted cities in the world |publisher=Kazakhstan Today |date=5 March 2008 |access-date=22 January 2018 |url=http://www.kt.kz/eng/ecology/almaty_is_one_of_ten_most_polluted_cities_in_the_world_1153441869.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072549/http://www.kt.kz/eng/ecology/almaty_is_one_of_ten_most_polluted_cities_in_the_world_1153441869.html |archive-date=22 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> A 2013 study identified cars as a major source of pollution, and it was noted since 2003 and 2013 [[morbidity]] had increased by a factor of 1.5, and that the city takes the first place in the republic on respiratory, endocrine and blood diseases, cancer and [[bronchial asthma]], even though there are no major industrial installations.<ref name="pollutionstudy2013">{{cite journal |last1=Carlsen |first1=Lars |last2=Baimatova |first2=Nassiba |last3=Kenessov |first3=Bulat |last4=Kenessova |first4=Olga |title=Assessment of the Air Quality of Almaty. Focussing on the Traffic Component |journal=International Journal of Biology and Chemistry |year=2013 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=49–69 |url=http://ijbch.kaznu.kz/index.php/kaznu/article/view/82/38 |access-date=21 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122074229/http://ijbch.kaznu.kz/index.php/kaznu/article/view/82/38 |archive-date=22 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An independent local air quality monitoring system with a mobile app was launched in 2017.<ref name="auanews">{{cite news |last=Shatayeva |first=Lyazzat |title=New App Helps Almaty Residents Monitor Air Quality |work=Astana Times |access-date=22 January 2018 |date=2 February 2017 |url=https://astanatimes.com/2017/02/new-app-helps-almaty-residents-monitor-air-quality/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072732/https://astanatimes.com/2017/02/new-app-helps-almaty-residents-monitor-air-quality/ |archive-date=22 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auasite">{{cite web |title=Almaty Urban Air |publisher=auagroup.kz |access-date=22 January 2018 |url=http://almatyurbanair.kz/?l=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072335/http://almatyurbanair.kz/?l=en |archive-date=22 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Alfarabi3.jpg|thumb|218x218px|Al-Farabi Avenue]]

The area of the city has been expanded during recent years with the annexation of the suburban settlements of Kalkaman, Kok Tobe, [[Gorniy Gigant District]] (Mountain Giant). Numerous apartment blocks and office [[skyscraper]]s have transformed the face of the town, which has been built into the mountains. [[Squatting in Kazakhstan|Squatter settlements]] such as Shanyrak have resisted eviction in the face of these development plans.<ref name="CoA">{{cite journal |last1=Alexander |first1=Catherine |date=June 2018 |title=Homeless in the homeland: Housing protests in Kazakhstan |journal=Critique of Anthropology |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=204–220 |doi=10.1177/0308275x18758872 |s2cid=148583852 |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/22051/1/22051.pdf |access-date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221090849/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/22051/1/22051.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Almaty was the site of [[2016 shooting of Almaty police officers|a notorious terrorist attack]] in July 2016, when [[Jihadism|Jihadist]] Ruslan Kulikbayev killed eight police officers and two civilians in a shootout and car chase. Kulikbayev was wounded during the shootout and later sentenced to death for the attack.

In March 2020, the first cases of COVID-19 were reported in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://informburo.kz/stati/koronavirus-v-kazahstane-hronologiya-sobytiy-den-pervyy.html |title=Коронавирус в Казахстане: хронология событий. День первый |website=informburo.kz |date=13 March 2020 |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702174505/https://informburo.kz/stati/koronavirus-v-kazahstane-hronologiya-sobytiy-den-pervyy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Soon, Almaty was transformed, as the pandemic led the city into a changed behavior. The government imposed lockdowns of most institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.currenttime.tv/a/30716996.html |title=As Kazakhstan's COVID-19 Infections Rise, The City Of Almaty Struggles To Bury Its Dead |website=Current Time English |date=9 July 2020 |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224201148/https://en.currenttime.tv/a/30716996.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2022, Almaty was plunged into [[2022 Kazakhstan unrest|unrest as part of a national political crisis]].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 January 2022 |title=Kazakhstan protests: government resigns amid rare outbreak of unrest |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/04/kazakhstan-president-declares-state-of-emergency-in-protest-hit-areas |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105122522/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/04/kazakhstan-president-declares-state-of-emergency-in-protest-hit-areas |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/central-asia/kazakhstan-protests-news-live-almaty-b1987361.html |title=Kazakhstan protests: Russia sends in troops to stop deadly uprising |work=The Independent |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105182935/https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/central-asia/kazakhstan-protests-news-live-almaty-b1987361.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Picheta |first=Rob |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/05/asia/kazakhstan-fuel-protests-emergency-wednesday-intl/index.html |title=Russia-led military alliance CSTO will send 'peacekeepers' to protest-hit Kazakhstan, Armenian PM says |date=5 January 2022 |publisher=CNN |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105223148/https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/05/asia/kazakhstan-fuel-protests-emergency-wednesday-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.intellinews.com/fake-news-conflicting-reports-of-shooting-in-almaty-as-the-russian-and-kazakh-governments-appear-to-be-manipulating-reporting-for-their-own-agendas-231003/ |title=Fake news? Conflicting reports of shooting in Almaty as Russian and Kazakh governments appear to manipulate reporting for own agendas |publisher= BNE Intellinews |date=25 March 2021 |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106170358/https://www.intellinews.com/fake-news-conflicting-reports-of-shooting-in-almaty-as-the-russian-and-kazakh-governments-appear-to-be-manipulating-reporting-for-their-own-agendas-231003/?source=kazakhstan |url-status=live}}</ref>