Editing Algerian War (section)

=== Algerian Nationalism ===
{{Main|Algerian nationalism|Sétif and Guelma massacre}}
{{Further|1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition}}
[[File:Algier1954.ogg|thumb|1954 film about French Algeria|left]]
Both Muslim and European Algerians took part in World War II and fought for France. Algerian Muslims served as ''[[Tirailleur#Colonial period|tirailleurs]]'' (such regiments were created as early as 1842<ref>[http://www.ldh-toulon.net/spip.php?article297 les tirailleurs, bras armé de la France coloniale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314151757/http://www.ldh-toulon.net/spip.php?article297 |date=2007-03-14 }}, ''[[Human Rights League (France)|Human Rights League]]'' (LDH), August 25, 2004 – URL accessed on January 17, 2007 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>) and [[spahi]]s; and French settlers as [[Zouaves]] or [[Chasseurs d'Afrique]]. US President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s 1918 [[Fourteen Points]] had the fifth read: "A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of [[sovereignty]] the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined." Some Algerian intellectuals, dubbed ''[[oulémas]]'', began to nurture the desire for independence or, at the very least, autonomy and [[self-rule]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/doc31.htm|title=Interpretation of President Wilson's Fourteen Points|access-date=2020-01-21|archive-date=1997-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970501050510/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/doc31.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Within that context, [[Khalid ibn Hashim]], a grandson of [[Emir Abdelkader|Abd el-Kadir]], spearheaded the resistance against the French in the first half of the 20th century and was a member of the directing committee of the [[French Communist Party]]. In 1926, he founded the ''[[Étoile Nord-Africaine]]'' ("North African Star"), to which [[Messali Hadj]], also a member of the Communist Party and of its affiliated trade union, the [[Confédération générale du travail unitaire]] (CGTU), joined the following year.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VlR8YCE8lkQC&q=the+Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+du+travail+unitaire+(CGTU),+joined+the+following+year&pg=PA352|title=Biographical Dictionary of European Labor Leaders|last=Lane|first=A. Thomas|date=1995-12-01|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313264566|language=en}}</ref>

The North African Star broke from the Communist Party in 1928, before being dissolved in 1929 at Paris's demand. Amid growing discontent from the Algerian population, the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] (1871–1940) acknowledged some demands, and the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front]] initiated the [[Blum-Viollette proposal]] in 1936, which was supposed to enlighten the Indigenous Code by giving French citizenship to a small number of Muslims. The ''[[pieds-noirs]]'' (Algerians of European origin) violently demonstrated against it and the North African Party also opposed it, leading to its abandonment. The pro-independence party was dissolved in 1937, and its leaders were charged with the illegal reconstitution of a dissolved league, leading to Messali Hadj's 1937 founding of the ''[[Algerian People's Party|Parti du peuple algérien]]'' (Algerian People's Party, PPA), which no longer espoused full independence but only extensive autonomy. This new party was dissolved in 1939. Under [[Vichy France]], the French State attempted to abrogate the Crémieux Decree to suppress the Jews' French citizenship, but the measure was never implemented.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

On the other hand, the nationalist leader [[Ferhat Abbas]] founded the Algerian Popular Union (''Union populaire algérienne'') in 1938. In 1943, Abbas wrote the Algerian People's Manifesto (''Manifeste du peuple algérien''). Arrested after the [[Sétif and Guelma massacre]] of May 8, 1945, when the French Army and pieds-noirs mobs killed between 6,000 and 30,000 Algerians,<ref name="setif">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/le-cas-de-sa-tif-kherrata-guelma-mai-1945|title=Le cas de Sétif-Kherrata-Guelma (Mai 1945)|last=Peyroulou|first=Jean-Pierre|date=March 21, 2008|publisher=Violence de masse et Résistance - Réseau de recherche|access-date=13 November 2019|archive-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409043956/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/le-cas-de-sa-tif-kherrata-guelma-mai-1945|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Horne/>{{rp|27}} Abbas founded the [[Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto]] (UDMA) in 1946 and was elected as a deputy. Founded in 1954, the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]] (FLN) created an armed wing, the ''[[Armée de Libération Nationale]]'' (National Liberation Army) to engage in an [[armed struggle]] against French authority. Many Algerian soldiers who served for the French Army in the [[First Indochina War]] had strong sympathy for the Vietnamese fighting against France and took up their experience to support the ALN.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ngoc H. Huynh |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1241&context=curej |title=The Time-Honored Friendship: A History of Vietnamese-Algerian Relations (1946-2015) Relations (1946-2015) |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |date=5 January 2016 |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810204807/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1241&context=curej |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indochine.uqam.ca/en/historical-dictionary/39-algerian-war.html|title=UQAM &#124; Guerre d'Indochine &#124; ALGERIAN WAR|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725041101/http://indochine.uqam.ca/en/historical-dictionary/39-algerian-war.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

France, which had just lost [[French Indochina]], was determined not to lose the next colonial war, particularly in its oldest and nearest major colony, which was regarded as a part of [[Metropolitan France]] (rather than a colony), by French law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/colonial_empires_after_the_wardecolonization|title=Colonial Empires after the War/Decolonization &#124; International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)|access-date=21 January 2020|archive-date=9 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509014941/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/colonial_empires_after_the_wardecolonization|url-status=live}}</ref>