Editing Alejandro Toledo (section)

== Presidential election ==
Toledo entered politics as an independent candidate for the presidency (winning 3% of the vote) in the [[1995 Peruvian general election|1995 election]] in which [[Alberto Fujimori]] was ultimately re-elected. Despite his loss, the party he founded in 1994, ''[[Perú Posible]]'', gained popularity and influence over the next few years. Toledo declared his intent to run again in the [[2000 Peruvian national election|2000 election]] and despite a constitutional controversy about his eligibility to serve a third term, Fujimori also announced his candidacy.

Despite being a relatively low-profile politician, Toledo suddenly found himself the leader of the opposition to Fujimori's presidency. Toledo promised to uphold and strengthen the market program that had been put in place, while also mitigating inequality issues attributed to it. He promised to pursue democratic reforms and reinvigorate Peru's social infrastructure. During the campaign, he promised to raise the wages of civil servants, which had been stagnant under Fujimori, and to create 400,000 jobs a year through programs designed to encourage agriculture, tourism, and small business.<ref>[[Associated Press]]. "[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jul-29-mn-27905-story.html Toledo Sworn In, Vows to Aid Peru's Poor.]" ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. 29 July 2001. Retrieved 27 June 2011</ref> Toledo repeatedly called for the expansion of investigations into government, including investigations into allegations that the Fujimori administration had stolen billions from government coffers.

Racial-ethnic themes also echoed throughout the campaign. Toledo was running to become Peru's first indigenous president. He referred to himself as {{em|El Cholo}} throughout his campaign, and many indigenous Peruvians hoped that as president he would bring greater attention to issues of importance to them. Toledo's background, engaging manner, and informal attitude made him an attractive candidate to both indigenous and non-indigenous Peruvians.<ref>Sebastian Rotella. "[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jun-05-mn-6531-story.html Peru's Victor Happy, But Anxious.]" ''Los Angeles Times''. 5 June 2001. Retrieved 29 June 2011.</ref>

Just minutes after the polls closed at 4:00&nbsp;pm on 9 April 2000, major news networks rushed to announce that Toledo had garnered more votes than Fujimori. These announcements were based on projections from Peru's top polling firms, which base their numbers on exit polls. The prominent pollsters quickly modified projections based on samples of actual vote counts from selected polling places, better known as the "quick count". Shortly after receiving news of Toledo's encouraging performance in the initial stage of the vote count, supporters gathered in the streets around Toledo's hotel room. An enthusiastic Toledo walked out onto the balcony of his room wearing a red headband, reminiscent of ancient Inca warriors. He optimistically speculated that a first round victory might be within his grasp but still urged his supporters to wait for the results of the quick count. The second wave of quick count results reversed earlier projections, projecting a round one Fujimori plurality and possible majority. Fujimori had a projected lead of 48.73% to 41.03% later that evening. Fujimori was closing in on the 50% mark which would give him a victory in the first round, with no runoff necessary.

Allegations of [[electoral fraud]] were made, and were not far-fetched. On the day preceding the election, Transparencia, the national election observation organization, reported that it had received information concerning a website with capabilities to hack into the ONPE ([[National Office of Electoral Processes|Oficina Nacional de Procesos Electorales]]) computer system. Eduardo Stein also claimed that ONPE had made no provisions for OAS technicians to monitor the vote count system in real time. Toledo claimed that a fraud had been perpetrated; other opposition candidates agreed and joined protests led by Toledo.<ref>Catherine Conaghan (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=S_DaX4YhNIYC&dq=alejandro+toledo&pg=PA190 ''Fujimori's Peru: Deception in the Public Sphere'']. Retrieved 27 July 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-8229-5943-4}}</ref> Though "the [[U.S. State Department]] had supported Fujimori and his economic policies, it described the results of the 2000 elections as "invalid".<ref>[[Benjamin Keen]] and Keith Haynes (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_FVIOhdR9n8C&dq=alejandro+toledo+free+trade&pg=PA535 ''A History of Latin America.''] {{ISBN|9780618783182}}. Retrieved 27, 2011.</ref> Since no candidate had received a majority of the vote, a runoff was required, but Toledo refused to participate in a second round against Fujimori and withdrew from the race on 26 May 2000, two days before the runoff. He unsuccessfully petitioned to have the election annulled, and lobbied international organizations and foreign government to deny recognition to Fujimori's government.<ref>[http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=42e3338a4ad93f7461aafcc58e75220c&docnum=158&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=151&wchp=dGLzVtz-zSkAW&_md5=8ae11152ae6aa2b9c6eba7f48ac87e7d "Politics Abhors a Vacuum: Peru Contenders Rush In"]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', Retrieved May 2011</ref>

On 28 July 2000, [[Fiestas Patrias (Peru)|Peruvian Independence Day]], Fujimori began his third term as president. Toledo led a group of protesters towards Congress. The massive demonstration was peaceful at first, but violence broke out and a powerful explosion led to the death of six people.<ref>Sebastian Rotella and Natalia Tarnawiecki. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-jul-29-mn-61079-story.html "Fujimori Takes Oath Amid Violence, Protests in Peru.]" ''The Los Angeles Times''. 29 July 2000. Retrieved 27 June 2011.</ref> It was later discovered by the Peruvian judiciary that the explosion had been planned and carried out by the [[National Intelligence Service (Peru)|National Intelligence Service]], run by [[Vladimiro Montesinos]], who had already been indicted on corruption and bribery charges. Montesinos fled to [[Venezuela]], where he hid for several months before being captured and brought back to Peru. The charges against Montesinos ranged from bribery to drug trafficking to arranging death squads.<ref>Barrett, Pam (2005)[https://books.google.com/books?id=aUWThg8JWTIC&dq=alejandro+toledo&pg=PA72 Insight Guides: Peru], Retrieved 27 June 2011. {{ISBN|978-981-234-808-1}}</ref> But it was the release of the "Vladi-videos" that prompted retreat by Fujimori. The first of these incriminating videos showed Montesinos bribing a congressman with US$15,000 to switch to Fujimori's camp.<ref name="google2006">Mann, Stephanie (2006)[https://books.google.com/books?id=eC7D_m1KTV4C&q=toledo ''Peru's Relations with Pacific Asia''], Retrieved 27 June 2011. {{ISBN|978-3-8258-8820-6}}</ref>

In November 2000, amid growing allegations of fraud and corruption within his administration, Fujimori agreed to hold new elections in 2001, and not to stand as a candidate. While he was attending the [[APEC]] forum in [[Brunei]], Fujimori's party lost control of the Congress. Fujimori then flew to Japan, where he submitted his resignation and claimed [[Japanese nationality law|Japanese citizenship]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/22/world/fujimori-plans-a-long-stay-in-japan.html?scp=3&sq=fujimori+japan&st=nyt "Fujimori Plans 'Long' Stay in Japan"] ''The New York Times'', Retrieved 27 June 2011</ref>

After the fall of Fujimori, the newly elected president of the [[Peruvian Congress]], [[Valentín Paniagua]], became interim president and oversaw the already planned new elections on 29 May 2001. Toledo won after a close [[run-off election]] against former President [[Alan García]] of the [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]] party, with 52.23% of the vote, to Garcia's 47.77%. Toledo thereby became the first South American president of indigenous descent to be democratically elected in five hundred years.<ref>[http://www.electionguide.org/country-news.php?ID=170 "Election Guide: Peru"] [[Consortium for Elections and Political Process Strengthening]], Retrieved May 2011.</ref>