Editing Alberto Santos-Dumont (section)

===Mountaineering, motorsports and ballooning===

[[File:Brazil, 4 julho 1898 -Musee de l'Air et de l'Espace, MA 39568-.JPG|thumb|upright|Santos-Dumont's [[Brésil (spherical balloon)|first balloon]], 1898]]

In 1891, when he was 18, Santos-Dumont visited Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Santos Dumont |url=http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/obrasraras/o/Rev_Nac_Edu_01/17-%20DUMONT.pdf |journal=Revista Brasileira de Educação |pages=64–68 |access-date=2018-10-07 |language=pt-br |archive-date=2018-09-30  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930085230/http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/obrasraras/o/Rev_Nac_Edu_01/17-%20DUMONT.pdf }}</ref> In England he spent a few months practising his English, and in France he climbed [[Mont Blanc]].<ref name=DaCosta2016 />{{rp|p=42}}<ref name=Medeiros2006a>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.sbfisica.org.br/fne/Vol7/Num2/v13a06.pdf|title=Santos Dumont e o seu Professor de Física|last=Medeiros|first=Alexandre|journal=Física na Escola|volume=7|number=2|year=2006a|pages=33–35|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306040205/http://www.sbfisica.org.br/fne/Vol7/Num2/v13a06.pdf|archive-date=2007-03-06|url-status=live|language=pt-br}}</ref>{{rp|p=34}} This adventure, at an altitude of almost 5,000 metres, gave him a taste for heights.<ref name="Brasil Escola"/> The following year, his father had a serious accident, and released Alberto from parental care on 12 February 1892,<ref name=Studart2006 />{{rp|p=15}}<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Demartini | first1=Zeferino Jr. | last2=Gatto | first2=Luana A. Maranha | last3=Lages | first3=Roberto Oliver | last4=Koppe | first4=Gelson Luis | title=Henrique Dumont: how a traumatic brain injury contributed to the development of the airplane | journal=Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria | publisher=FapUNIFESP (SciELO) | volume=77 | issue=1 | year=2019 | issn=1678-4227 | doi=10.1590/0004-282x20180149 | pages=60–62| pmid=30758444 | s2cid=73435765 | doi-access=free }}</ref> advising him to focus on learning mechanics, chemistry, and electricity.<ref name=Barros2003 />{{rp|p=306}}<ref name=Medeiros2006a />{{rp|p=33}}<ref name=Barros2006a />{{rp|p=36}}{{efn|For the complete quote of what [[Henrique Dumont]] said, read [[:wikisource:en:What I Saw, What We Will See/Part I|What I Saw, What We Will See]], pp. 12–13.<ref name=Dumont1918>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/o-que-eu-vi-o-que-nos-veremos-1918/O_que_eu_vi%2C_o_que_n%C3%B3s_veremos_%281918%29|title=O que eu vi, o que nós veremos|language=pt-br|year=1918|last=Dumont|first=Alberto Santos|location=São Paulo |page=101|ol=32235835M}}</ref>{{rp|pp=12–13}}}} With that, Alberto left the Ouro Preto Mining Engineering School<ref name=Dias2006>{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320223188|title=Santos Dumont: O Inovador|language=pt-br|first=Adriano Batista|last=Dias|publisher=Vieira Lent|year=2006|isbn=85-88782-35-9|page=160|edition=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211093547/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Adriano-Dias-4/publication/320223188_S_A_N_T_O_S_D_U_M_O_N_T_O_inovador/links/5dc9a87a299bf1a47b2fd869/S-A-N-T-O-S-D-U-M-O-N-T-O-inovador.pdf?origin=publication_detail|archive-date=2022-12-11|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|p=30}} and returned to France where he took part in motor racing and cycling.<ref name=DaCosta2016 />{{rp|p=42}} He also began technical and scientific studies with a professor of Spanish origin named Garcia.<ref name=Hoffman />{{rp|p=44}}{{efn|Little is known about Santos-Dumont's education other than an unpublished manuscript showing that he studied the encyclopedias of Fonvielle and Flammarion, knew the history of flight, and knew some mathematics.<ref name=Exacta2006>{{cite journal|url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/810/81040202.pdf|title=Entrevista com Henrique Lins de Barros|language=pt-br|last=Exacta|journal=Exacta|volume=4|number=2|year=2006|pages=223–232|issn=1678-5428|location=Universidade Nove de Julho|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908182653/https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/810/81040202.pdf|archive-date=2021-09-08|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|pp=224–225}} Santos-Dumont and other inventors studied the works of Lilienthal and Cayley.<ref name=Mattos2012>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.scielo.br/j/jatm/a/fm5rHfPytnMCytJ9mCGG5hv/?format=pdf&lang=en|title=Open Source Philosophy and the Dawn of Aviation|last=Mattos|first=Bento Silva de|journal=J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag.|location=São José dos Campos|volume=4|number=3|pages=355–379|year=2012|doi=10.5028/jatm.2012.04030812|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909164241/https://www.scielo.br/j/jatm/a/fm5rHfPytnMCytJ9mCGG5hv/?format=pdf&lang=en|archive-date=2021-09-09|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|p=365}} He relied on self-education, with Garcia guiding him in his studies. [[Peter Wykeham]] describes Garcia as an advisor in his studies.<ref name=Medeiros2006a />{{rp|p=34}}}} In 1894 Santos-Dumont travelled to the United States, visiting New York, Chicago, and Boston.<ref>Heilig, Sterling. ''The dirigible balloon of M. Santos Dumont''. ''The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine''. Nova Iorque: The Century Company, no 1, Nov. 1901, p. 67–68.</ref> Around this time{{efn|{{harvnb|Medeiros|2006a}} says that it happened in 1893, when Santos-Dumont was 21 years old.<ref name=Medeiros2006a />{{rp|p=33}} He was the only one among his siblings not to complete a college degree.{{sfn|Dias|2006|p=37|loc=Nota 1}}}} he went on to study at [[Bristol University|Merchant Venturers' Technical College]], but never graduated.{{efn|Between 1892 and 1897 he attended engineering courses at the Sorbonne and the College de France, without any official commitment.<ref name=Medeiros2006 />{{rp|p=33}}}} Agenor Barbosa described Santos-Dumont in this period as a "student of little diligence, or rather, not at all studious for 'theories', but of admirable practical and mechanical talent and, since then, revealing himself in everything, of inventive genius",{{sfnm|1a1=Barros|1y=2003|1p=306|2a1=Medeiros|2y=2006a|2pp=33–34}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Exacta|2006}}: in an interview with [[Henrique Lins de Barros]] it is explained how Santos-Dumont's practical ability, as "a scientist who was in the proving ground," makes him a practical scientist, also because of the speed at which he advanced his creations in a decade, but it is an idea that has been fading as the importance of theoretical science has increased.<ref name=Exacta2006 />{{rp|p=224}} {{harvnb|Mattos|2012}}, says he was not a scientist, but an "integrator of technologies."<ref name=Mattos2012 />{{rp|p=366}}}} but who was later described by Agnor as someone focused on aviation from when "...'explosion engines' began to succeed."<ref name=Barros2006a />{{rp|p=36}}

In 1897, independent and heir to an immense fortune{{efn|Of 800 million [[Brazilian real (old)|réis]]<ref name=Exacta2006 />{{rp|p=226}} or the equivalent of half a million dollars.{{sfn|Cheniaux|2022|p=64|loc=Origins}}}} which he invested in the development of his projects,<ref name=Barros2003 />{{rp|p=337}}{{efn|Santos-Dumont did not invest in aviation commercially, but recognised its economic and military potential.<ref name=Mattos2012 />{{rp|p=378}}}} applied in the stock market,<ref name=Medeiros2006a />{{rp|p=35}} allowing him to work without being accountable to any investor.<ref name=Exacta2006 />{{rp|p=226}}{{efn|Due to his success he received investment proposals from London and New York, but never accepted them.{{sfn|CENDOC|2021|p=55|loc=Sr. Santos-Dumont Herói do Momento}} Santos Dumont also received income from his family.<ref name=OCruzeiro19741009>{{Cite magazine|url=http://memoria.bn.br/docreader/DocReader.aspx?bib=003581&pagfis=193990|title=Vida e Morte do Pai da Aviação (III)|last=Morel|first=Edmar|magazine=O Cruzeiro|date=1974-10-09|issue=41|volume=46|pages=52–57|ref={{harvid|''O Cruzeiro'', 9 de outubro de|1974}}|lang=pt-br}}</ref>{{rp|p=54}}}} At 24 years of age, Santos-Dumont left for France, where he hired professional aeronauts to teach him ballooning after reading the book ''[[Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition|Andrée – Au Pôle Nord en ballon]]''.<ref name=Barros2003 />{{rp|p=307}}{{efn|According to the book [[:wikisource:en:What I Saw, What We Will See/Part I|What I Saw, What We Will See]], he considered taking his first balloon flight shortly after going to study in France, but the price of 1000 [[French franc]]s and being liable for any damage discouraged him,<ref name=Dumont1918 />{{rp|p=14}} showing that the balloonists of the time exaggerated the risks of flight in order to make more profit.<ref name=OCruzeiro1974 />{{rp|p=67}} The firm Lachambre & Machuron did not make these demands.<ref name=Dumont1918 />{{rp|pp=15–16}}}} On 23 March 1898, he made his first ascent in a Lachambre & Machuron balloon at a cost of 400 francs,{{efn|The book [[:wikisource:en:What I Saw, What We Will See/Part I|What I Saw, What We Will See]] says it was 250 francs.<ref name=Dumont1918 />{{rp|pp=15–16}}}} later saying that: "I will never forget the genuine pleasure of my first balloon ascent".<ref name=Barros2003 />{{rp|p=307}} That year, even before he was known as a balloonist, he began to be quoted by the media due to his involvement in motor racing.<ref name=Barros2011>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sbhc.org.br/arquivo/download?ID_ARQUIVO=350|title=Santos-Dumont e a solução do voo dirigido: releituras e interpretações da imagem pública de um inventor|journal=Revista Brasileira de História da Ciência|location=Rio de Janeiro|volume=4|number=2|pages=239–256|language=pt-br|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811170514/https://www.sbhc.org.br/arquivo/download?ID_ARQUIVO=350|archive-date=2019-08-11|url-status=live|last1=Barros|first1=Henrique Lins de|last2=Souza|first2=Renato Vilela Oliveira de|doi=10.53727/rbhc.v4i2.322|s2cid=244679091|trans-title=Santos-Dumont and solution of flight navigation: readings and interpretations of the public image of the inventor|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|pp=239–240}}

On 30 May 1898 he made his first night ascent,<ref name=Studart2006 />{{rp|p=15}} and the following month he started working as a captain, taking groups of passengers aloft in a hired balloon.<ref name="Brandão2018">{{Cite conference |url=https://www.icas.org/ICAS_ARCHIVE/ICAS2018/data/papers/ICAS2018_0089_paper.pdf|title=The Santos-Dumont legacy to aeronautics |book-title=Proceedings: 31th Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences |last=Brandão|first=Mauricio Pazini|year=2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913202941/https://www.icas.org/ICAS_ARCHIVE/ICAS2018/data/papers/ICAS2018_0089_paper.pdf|archive-date=2021-09-13|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|p=4}} By 1900 he had created nine balloons, of which two became famous: the ''[[Brésil (spherical balloon)|Brazil]]'' and the ''Amérique''.<ref name="Brasil Escola"/> ''Brazil'' first flew on 4 July 1898,<ref name=Hoffman />{{rp|p=58}} and was the smallest aircraft built at the time – inflated with hydrogen, it covered 113 metres in a silk envelope{{efn|Japanese silk, instead of the usual Chinese.<ref name=Mattos2012 />{{rp|p=362}}}} of 6 metres in diameter,<ref name=Barros2006 />{{rp|p=10}} weighing 27.5&nbsp;kg without the crewman<ref name=Barros2003 />{{rp|p=307}} and made more than 200 flights.<ref name=Hoffman />{{rp|p=386}}{{efn|In ''Brazil'' he experimented with Japanese silk, creating a lighter balloon than the established materials of [[taffeta]] or varnished paper.<ref name=Exacta2006 />{{rp|pp=225–226}} Before flying "Brazil", Lachambre's team let him do ascents in France and Belgium as a way to gain experience.<ref name=OCruzeiro19741002 />{{rp|p=52}}}} According to biographer {{ill|Manoel José Gondin da Fonseca|pt|Manoel José Gondin da Fonseca|lt=Gondin da Fonseca}}, he was influenced to create his first balloon after racing at the Paris-Amsterdam race on his tricycle,<ref name=DaCosta2016 />{{rp|p=42}} where he crossed 110 kilometers in two hours, abandoning after an accident.{{sfn|''Correio Paulistano'', 03 de janeiro de|1900|p=1|loc=Col. 4}}{{efn|According to {{harvnb|Jorge|2018|p=81}}, despite having the most powerful vehicle in the race, Santos Dumont abandoned it for fear of damaging his new engine and soon after this, he started the project of the No. 1.<br />In 1899 he took part in the Nice-Castellane-Nice race.<ref name="CENDOC-2021" />{{rp|p=22}} In this early period, Santos Dumont also rented the velodrome [[Parc des Princes|''Parc aux Princes'']] to hold the first tricycle race in France.<ref name=OCruzeiro1974 />{{rp|p=66}}<ref name=Dias2006 />{{rp|p=31}}}} The second balloon, ''Amérique'', held 500m³ of hydrogen and was 10 metres in diameter, and was capable of carrying passengers.<ref name=Barros2006a />{{rp|p=37}} With the second balloon he faced everything from storms to accidents.<ref name=Barros2021>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/mcti/pt-br/rede-mcti/mast/imagens/noticias/2021/julho/santos-dumont-um-pioneiro-da-seguranca-de-voo-e-dos-ensaios-em-voo-20-07.pdf|last=Barros|first=Henrique Lins de|title=Santos Dumont: Um pioneiro da segurança de voo e dos ensaios em voo|language=pt-br|year=2021|page=11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720143249/https://www.gov.br/mcti/pt-br/rede-mcti/mast/imagens/noticias/2021/julho/santos-dumont-um-pioneiro-da-seguranca-de-voo-e-dos-ensaios-em-voo-20-07.pdf|archive-date=2021-07-20}}</ref>{{rp|p=2}} In his first experiments he was awarded a prize by the French Aeroclub for his study of atmospheric currents; he reached high altitudes and stayed airborne for more than 22 hours.<ref name="Brandão2018"/>{{rp|p=4}} Santos-Dumont advocated for government investment in aviation development{{efn|In the United States [[Samuel Langley]] received $50,000 from the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] and $20,000 from the [[Smithsonian Institution]] for the development of the Aerodrome,<ref name=Mattos2012 />{{rp|p=356}} launched by a catapult<ref name=Mattos2012 />{{rp|p=373}} and abandoned after two takeoff accidents on 7 October and 8 December 1903.<ref name=Mattos2012 />{{rp|p=357}} His biggest development was a 50 hp engine, which did not influence the US aviation industry due to the atmosphere of secrecy aviation had there.<ref name=Mattos2012 />{{rp|p=373}}}} and the importance of public opinion, something previously noted by {{ill|Júlio César Ribeiro de Sousa|pt|Júlio César Ribeiro de Sousa}}.<ref name=Barros2003 />{{rp|p=308}}