Editing Aircraft hijacking (section)

=== 1958–1979 ===
[[File:Worldwide Aircraft Hijackings 1958-1979.svg|thumb|World map depicting global aircraft hijacking incidents between 1958 and 1979|450x450px]]
Between 1958 and 1967, there were approximately 40 hijackings worldwide.<ref name=":1" /> Beginning in 1958, hijackings from [[Cuba]] to other destinations started to occur; in 1961, hijackings from other destinations to Cuba became prevalent.<ref name=":1" /> The first happened on May 1, 1961, on a flight from [[Miami]] to [[Key West]]. The perpetrator, armed with a knife and gun, forced the captain to land in Cuba.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Volpe|first1=John A.|last2=Stewart|first2=John T.|date=1970|title=Aircraft Hijacking: Some Domestic and International Responses|journal=Kentucky Law Journal|volume=59|issue=2|pages=273–318}}</ref>

Australia was relatively untouched by the threat of hijackings until July 19, 1960. On that evening, a 22-year-old Russian man attempted to divert [[Trans Australia Airlines Flight 408]] to [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] or [[Singapore]].<ref name=":0" /> The crew were able to subdue the man after a brief struggle.

According to the FAA, in the 1960s, there were 100 attempts of hijackings involving U.S. aircraft: 77 successful and 23 unsuccessful.<ref name=":2" /> Recognizing the danger early, the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] issued a directive on July 28, 1961, which prohibits unauthorized persons from carrying concealed [[firearm]]s and interfering with crew member duties.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Federal Aviation Act of 1958]] was amended to impose severe penalties for those seizing control of a commercial aircraft.<ref name=":2" /> Airlines could also refuse to transport passengers who were likely to cause danger. That same year, the FAA and [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] created the [[Federal Air Marshal Service|Peace Officers Program]] which put trained marshals on flights.<ref name=":2" /> A few years later, on May 7, 1964, the FAA adopted a rule requiring that [[cockpit]] doors on commercial aircraft be kept locked at all times.<ref name=":2" /> 
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"
|+Destinations desired by U.S. hijackers, 1968–72<ref name=":4" />
! colspan="2" |Transport attempts
|-
!Destination
!Number
|-
|{{CUB}}
|90
|-
|{{MEX}}
|4
|-
|{{ITA}}
|3
|-
|{{CAN}}
|2
|-
|{{BAH}}
|1
|-
|{{EGY}}
|1
|-
|{{ISR}}
|1
|-
|{{PRK}}
|1
|-
|{{flag|North Vietnam}}
|1
|-
|{{flag|South Vietnam}}<br />
|1
|-
|{{SWE}}
|1
|-
|{{SWI}}
|1
|-
|{{USA}}
|1
|-
|Unknown
|3
|-
! colspan="2" | Extortion attempts
|-
|Extortion
|26
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''137'''
|}

In a five-year period (1968–1972) the world experienced 326 hijack attempts, or one every 5.6 days.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Holden|first=Robert T.|date=1986|title=The Contagiousness of Aircraft Hijacking|journal=American Journal of Sociology|volume=91|issue=4|pages=874–904|issn=0002-9602|jstor=2779961|doi=10.1086/228353|s2cid=144772464}}</ref> The incidents were frequent and often just an inconvenience, which resulted in [[television show]]s creating parodies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/3/29/11326472/hijacking-airplanes-egyptair|title=The US once had more than 130 hijackings in four years. Here's why they finally stopped.|last=Nelson|first=Libby|date=2016-03-29|website=Vox|access-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629151906/https://www.vox.com/2016/3/29/11326472/hijacking-airplanes-egyptair|archive-date=2019-06-29|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] even ran a lighthearted comedy piece called "What to Do When the Hijacker Comes".<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844656,00.html|title=Travel: What to Do When the Hijacker Comes|date=1968-12-06|magazine=Time|access-date=2019-07-06|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629151920/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844656,00.html|archive-date=2019-06-29|url-status=live}}</ref> Most incidents occurred in the United States. There were two distinct types: hijackings for transportation elsewhere and hijackings for [[extortion]] with the threat of harm.<ref name=":4" />

Between 1968 and 1972, there were 90 recorded transport attempts to Cuba. In contrast, there were 26 extortion attempts (see table on the right). The longest and first transcontinental (Los Angeles, Denver, New York, Bangor, Shannon and Rome) hijacking from the US started on 31 October 1969.<ref name="LongestHijacking">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48069272|title=TWA85: The world's longest and most spectacular hijacking|date=26 October 2019|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=27 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027051638/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48069272|archive-date=27 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Eastern Air Lines Shuttle Flight 1320]] on May 17, 1970, witnessed the first fatality in the course of a U.S. hijacking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/03/20/magazine/you-dont-understand-captain-he-has-gun-hijacking-flight-1320/|title=You Don't Understand Captain – He has a Gun: The Hijacking of Flight 1320|last=Swidey|first=Neil|date=20 March 2020|website=Boston Globe|access-date=21 March 2010}}</ref>

Incidents also became problematic outside of the U.S. For instance, in 1968, [[El Al Flight 426 hijacking|El Al Flight 426]] was seized by [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP) militants on 23 July, an incident which lasted 40 days, making it one of the longest. This record was later [[Avianca Flight 9463|beaten in 1999]].<ref name="HistoryHijackings">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1578183.stm|title=History of airliner hijackings|date=3 October 2001|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210225214/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1578183.stm|archive-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

As a result of the evolving threat, [[Richard Nixon|President Nixon]] issued a directive in 1970 to promote security at airports, electronic surveillance and multilateral agreements for tackling the problem.<ref name=":2" />

The [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) issued a report on aircraft hijacking in July 1970. Beginning in 1969 until the end of June 1970, there were 118 incidents of unlawful seizure of aircraft and 14 incidents of sabotage and armed attacks against civil aviation. This involved airlines of 47 countries and more than 7,000 passengers. In this period, 96 people were killed and 57 were injured as a result of hijacking, sabotage and armed attacks.

The ICAO stated that this is not isolated to one nation or one region, but a worldwide issue to the safe growth of international [[civil aviation]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=News Release|date=July 3, 1970|work=International Civil Aviation Organization}}</ref> Incidents also became notorious{{snd}}in 1971, a man known as [[D. B. Cooper]] hijacked a plane and extorted US$200,000 in ransom before parachuting over Oregon. He was never identified.<ref name="Gray-NYmag2007-10-21">{{cite journal|last=Gray|first=Geoffrey|date=21 October 2007|title=Unmasking D.B. Cooper|url=https://nymag.com/news/features/39593/|journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York magazine]]|issn=0028-7369|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430144404/http://nymag.com/news/features/39593/|archive-date=30 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

On August 20, 1971, a [[Pakistan Air Force]] [[T-33 Shooting Star|T-33]] military plane was hijacked prior the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]] in [[Karachi]]. [[Flight Lieutenant|Lieutenant]] [[Matiur Rahman (military pilot)|Matiur Rahman]] attacked [[Pilot Officer|Officer]] [[Rashid Minhas]] and attempted to land in India. Minhas deliberately crashed the plane into the ground near [[Thatta]] to prevent the diversion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/awpreview/TextContent.aspx?pId=176|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408215819/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/awpreview/TextContent.aspx?pId=176|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-04-08|title=Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas|date=2012-04-08|access-date=2019-07-06}}</ref>

Countries around the world continued their efforts to tackle crimes committed on-board planes. The [[Tokyo Convention]], drafted in 1958, established an agreement between signatories that the "state in which the aircraft is registered is competent to exercise jurisdiction over crimes committed on board that aircraft while it is in flight".<ref name=":2" /> While the Convention does not make hijacking an international crime, it does contain provisions which obligate the country in which a hijacked aircraft lands to restore the aircraft to its responsible owner, and allow the passengers and crew to continue their journey.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Loy|first=Frank E.|date=1970|title=Some International Approaches to Dealing With Hijacking of Aircraft|journal=The International Lawyer|volume=4|issue=3|pages=444–452|issn=0020-7810|jstor=40704612}}</ref> The Convention came into force in December 1969.

A year later, in December 1970, the [[Hague Hijacking Convention|Hague Convention]] was drafted which punishes hijackers, enabling each state to prosecute a hijacker if that state does not extradite them, and to deprive them from asylum from prosecution.<ref name=":2" />

On December 5, 1972, the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] issued emergency rules requiring all passengers and their carry-on baggage to be screened.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Commercial Aviation Security|publisher=National Academy Press|year=1996|location=Washington D.C|pages=6}}</ref> Airports slowly implemented walk-through [[Magnetometer|metal detectors]], hand-searches and [[X-ray]] machines, to prohibit weapons and explosive devices.<ref name=":3" /> These rules came into effect on January 5, 1973, and were welcomed by most of the public.<ref name=":6" /> In 1974, Congress enacted a statute which provided for the death penalty for acts of aircraft piracy resulting in death.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/428/153/#tab-opinion-1951891 |website=Justia |access-date=3 February 2021}}</ref> Between 1968 and 1977, there were approximately 41 hijackings per year.<ref name=":1" />

In the 1970s, in pursuit of their demands for Croatia's independence from the [[Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia]], [[Croatian nationalists]] hijacked several civilian airliners, such as [[Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 130]] and [[TWA Flight 355]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Pluchinsky|first=Dennis|editor1-last=Alexander|editor1-first=Yonah|editor2-last=Myers|editor2-first=Kenneth A.|year=1982|title=Terrorism in Europe|chapter=Political Terrorism in Western Europe: Some Themes and Variations|publisher=Georgetown University|location=London|isbn=0-7099-0728-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHJKCAAAQBAJ|page=59}}</ref>