Editing Air traffic control (section)

==Airport traffic control tower<span class="anchor" id="ATCT"></span>==
[[File:AeroportoGuarulhos Torre2.jpg|thumb|upright|Control tower at [[São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport]]]]
[[File:Control tower at Birmingham Airport, England 27June2019 arp.jpg|thumb|upright|Control tower at [[Birmingham Airport]], England]]
[[File:Lennonjohtotorni.JPG|thumb|upright|Small control tower at [[Räyskälä Airfield]] in [[Loppi]], Finland]]

The primary method of controlling the immediate airport environment is visual observation from the airport control tower.  The tower is typically a tall, windowed structure, located within the airport grounds.  The [[air traffic controller]]s, usually abbreviated 'controller', are responsible for separation and efficient movement of aircraft and vehicles operating on the taxiways and runways of the airport itself, and aircraft in the air near the airport, generally {{Convert|5|to|10|nmi|0|abbr=off|lk=on}}, depending on the airport procedures.  A controller must carry out the job using the precise and effective application of rules and procedures; however, they need flexible adjustments according to differing circumstances, often under time pressure.<ref>{{cite document |last=Costa|first=G|date=1995|title=Occupational stress and stress prevention in air traffic|publisher=International Labour Office, Working paper: CONDI/T/WP.6/1995|location=Geneva}}</ref>  In a study that compared stress in the general population and this kind of system markedly showed more stress level for controllers.  This variation can be explained, at least in part, by the characteristics of the job.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arghami|first1=S. |last2=Seraji|first2=J.N. |last3=Mohammad|first3=K. |last4=Zamani|first4=G.H. |last5=Farhangi|first5=A. |last6=Van Vuuren|first6=W. |date=2005|title=Mental health in high-tech system|journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2005:31-7.}}</ref>

[[Remote and virtual tower]] (RVT) is a system based on air traffic controllers being located somewhere other than at the local airport tower, and still able to provide air traffic control services.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://canso.fra1.digitaloceanspaces.com/uploads/2020/12/CANSO-SDT-Remote-Tower-Guidance.pdf |title=CANSO Guidance Material for Remote and Digital Towers |page=5 |publisher=[[Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation]] (CANSO) |date=January 2021 |access-date=23 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guidance Material on Remote Aerodrome Air Traffic Services |url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/downloads/71515/en |publisher=[[European Union Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA) |date=15 February 2019 |access-date=23 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirteenth Air Navigation Conference, Montréal, Canada, 9 to 19 October 2018, Committee A, Agenda item 3: Enhancing the global air navigation system, 3.5: Other ATM issues: Digitisation of Aerodrome Air Traffic Services |url=https://www.icao.int/Meetings/anconf13/Documents/WP/wp_174_en.pdf |publisher=[[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) |date=9–19 October 2018 |access-date=23 August 2023 }}</ref>

===Ground control===
[[File:Pope Field Air Traffic Control Tower (9206250542).jpg|thumb|left|Inside [[Pope Field]] air traffic control tower]]

Ground control (sometimes known as {{Em|ground movement control}}, GMC) is responsible for the airport {{Em|movement}} areas.<ref name="Smith 2021" />

Some busier airports have surface movement radar (SMR).<ref name="Smith 2021" />

===Air control or local control===
Air control (known to pilots as {{Em|tower}} or {{Em|tower control}}) is responsible for the active runway surfaces.<ref name="Smith 2021" />

===Flight data and clearance delivery===
Clearance delivery is the position that issues route clearances to aircraft, typically before they commence taxiing.  These clearances contain details of the route that the aircraft is expected to fly after departure.<ref name="Smith 2021" />