Editing Agriculture (section)

=== Origins ===
{{Main|Neolithic Revolution}}
The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by [[hunter-gatherer|hunting and gathering]].<ref name=Bocquet-Appel>{{cite journal |author=Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre |title=When the World's Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition |journal=Science |date=29 July 2011 |volume=333 |issue=6042 |pages=560–561 |doi=10.1126/science.1208880 |pmid=21798934 |bibcode=2011Sci...333..560B |s2cid=29655920}}</ref> Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe,<ref name="Stephens 897–902">{{Cite journal |last1=Stephens |first1=Lucas |last2=Fuller |first2=Dorian |last3=Boivin |first3=Nicole |last4=Rick |first4=Torben |last5=Gauthier |first5=Nicolas |last6=Kay |first6=Andrea |last7=Marwick |first7=Ben |last8=Armstrong |first8=Chelsey Geralda |last9=Barton |first9=C. Michael |date=30 August 2019 |title=Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use |journal=Science |volume=365 |issue=6456 |pages=897–902 |doi=10.1126/science.aax1192 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=31467217 |hdl=10150/634688 |hdl-access=free |bibcode=2019Sci...365..897S |s2cid=201674203}}</ref> and included a diverse range of [[taxa]], in at least 11 separate [[centers of origin]].<ref name="Larson2014">{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.1323964111 |title=Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies |journal=PNAS |volume=111 |issue=17 |pages=6139–6146 |year=2014 |last1=Larson |first1=G. |last2=Piperno |first2=D. R. |last3=Allaby |first3=R. G. |last4=Purugganan |first4=M. D. |last5=Andersson |first5=L. |last6=Arroyo-Kalin |first6=M. |last7=Barton |first7=L. |last8=Climer Vigueira |first8=C. |last9=Denham |first9=T. |last10=Dobney |first10=K. |last11=Doust |first11=A. N. |last12=Gepts |first12=P. |last13=Gilbert |first13=M. T. P. |last14=Gremillion |first14=K. J. |last15=Lucas |first15=L. |last16=Lukens |first16=L. |last17=Marshall |first17=F. B. |last18=Olsen |first18=K. M. |last19=Pires |first19=J.C. |last20=Richerson |first20=P. J. |last21=Rubio De Casas |first21=R. |last22=Sanjur |first22=O.I. |last23=Thomas |first23=M. G. |last24=Fuller |first24=D.Q. |doi-access=free |pmid=24757054 |pmc=4035915 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.6139L}}</ref> Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Harmon |first1=Katherine |title=Humans feasting on grains for at least 100,000 years |url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/humans-feasting-on-grains-for-at-least-100000-years/ |magazine=[[Scientific American]] |access-date=28 August 2016 |date=17 December 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917013143/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/humans-feasting-on-grains-for-at-least-100000-years/ |archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref> In the Paleolithic Levant, 23,000 years ago, cereals cultivation of [[emmer wheat|emmer]], [[barley]], and [[oats]] has been observed near the sea of Galilee.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Snir |first1=Ainit |last2=Nadel |first2=Dani |last3=Groman-Yaroslavski |first3=Iris |last4=Melamed |first4=Yoel |last5=Sternberg |first5=Marcelo |last6=Bar-Yosef |first6=Ofer |last7=Weiss |first7=Ehud |date=22 July 2015 |title=The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=7 |page=e0131422 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0131422 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4511808 |pmid=26200895 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1031422S |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago: Evidence of earliest small-scale agricultural cultivation |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423041305/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Rice was [[Agriculture in China|domesticated in China]] between 11,500 and 6,200 BC with the earliest known cultivation from 5,700 BC,<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=17898767 |year=2007 |last1=Zong |first1=Y. |last2=When |first2=Z. |last3=Innes |first3=J. B. |last4=Chen |first4=C. |last5=Wang |first5=Z. |last6=Wang |first6=H. |title=Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China |volume=449 |issue=7161 |pages=459–462 |doi=10.1038/nature06135 |journal=Nature |bibcode=2007Natur.449..459Z |s2cid=4426729}}</ref> followed by [[mung bean|mung]], [[soy]] and [[Azuki bean|azuki]] beans. Sheep were domesticated in [[Mesopotamia]] between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sheep and Goat Science |edition=Fifth |last=Ensminger |first=M. E. |author2=Parker, R. O. |year=1986 |publisher=Interstate Printers and Publishers |isbn=978-0-8134-2464-4}}</ref> Cattle were domesticated from the wild [[aurochs]] in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan some 10,500 years ago.<ref name="McTavish">{{cite journal |author=McTavish, E. J. |author2=Decker, J. E. |author3=Schnabel, R. D. |author4=Taylor, J. F. |author5=Hillis, D. M. |year=2013 |title=New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events |journal=PNAS |volume=110 |issue=15 |pages=E1398–1406 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1303367110 |pmid=23530234 |pmc=3625352 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110E1398M |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Domestic pig|Pig production]] emerged in Eurasia, including Europe, East Asia and Southwest Asia,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Larson |first1=Greger |last2=Dobney |first2=Keith |author-link2=Keith Dobney |last3=Albarella |first3=Umberto |last4=Fang |first4=Meiying |last5=Matisoo-Smith |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Robins |first6=Judith |last7=Lowden |first7=Stewart |last8=Finlayson |first8=Heather |last9=Brand |first9=Tina |date=11 March 2005 |title=Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5715 |pages=1618–1621 |doi=10.1126/science.1106927 |pmid=15761152 |bibcode=2005Sci...307.1618L |s2cid=39923483}}</ref> where [[wild boar]] were first domesticated about 10,500 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Larson |first1=Greger |last2=Albarella |first2=Umberto |last3=Dobney |first3=Keith |last4=Rowley-Conwy |first4=Peter |last5=Schibler |first5=Jörg |last6=Tresset |first6=Anne |last7=Vigne |first7=Jean-Denis |last8=Edwards |first8=Ceiridwen J. |last9=Schlumbaum |first9=Angela |date=25 September 2007 |title=Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe |journal=PNAS |volume=104 |issue=39 |pages=15276–15281 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0703411104 |pmid=17855556 |pmc=1976408 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10415276L |doi-access=free}}</ref> In the [[Andes]] of South America, the potato was domesticated between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, along with beans, [[coca]], [[llama]]s, [[alpaca]]s, and [[guinea pig]]s. [[Sugarcane]] and some [[List of root vegetables|root vegetables]] were domesticated in [[New Guinea]] around 9,000 years ago. [[Sorghum]] was domesticated in the [[Sahel]] region of Africa by 7,000 years ago. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 5,600 years ago,<ref name="Broudy1979">{{cite book |last=Broudy |first=Eric |title=The Book of Looms: A History of the Handloom from Ancient Times to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shN5_-W1RzcC |year=1979 |publisher=UPNE |isbn=978-0-87451-649-4 |page=81 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210232500/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Book_of_Looms.html?id=shN5_-W1RzcC |archive-date=10 February 2018 |access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> and was independently domesticated in Eurasia. [[Agriculture in Mesoamerica|In Mesoamerica]], wild [[teosinte]] was bred into [[maize]] (corn) from 10,000 to 6,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |title=The Evolution of Corn |publisher=[[University of Utah]] HEALTH SCIENCES |access-date=2 January 2016 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713003706/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/selection/corn/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="benz">{{cite journal |title=Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=2104–2106 |doi=10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104 |pmid=11172083 |pmc=29389 |year=2001 |last1=Benz |first1=B. F. |bibcode=2001PNAS...98.2104B |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Johannessen, S.; Hastorf, C. A. (eds.) ''Corn and Culture in the Prehistoric New World'', Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.</ref> The [[horse]] was [[Domestication of the horse|domesticated]] in the [[Eurasian Steppe]]s around 3500 BC.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dance |first1=Amber |title=The tale of the domesticated horse |journal=Knowable Magazine |date=4 May 2022 |doi=10.1146/knowable-050422-1 |doi-access=free |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/tale-domesticated-horse |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929085943/https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/tale-domesticated-horse |url-status=live}}</ref>
Scholars have offered multiple hypotheses to explain the historical origins of agriculture. Studies of the transition from [[hunter-gatherer]] to agricultural societies indicate an initial period of intensification and increasing [[sedentism]]; examples are the [[Natufian culture]] in the [[Levant]], and the Early Chinese Neolithic in China. Then, wild stands that had previously been harvested started to be planted, and gradually came to be domesticated.<ref>Hillman, G. C. (1996) "Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the northern Fertile Crescent: Possible preludes to cereal cultivation". In D. R. Harris (ed.) ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia'', UCL Books, London, pp. 159–203. {{ISBN|9781857285383}}</ref><ref>Sato, Y. (2003) "Origin of rice cultivation in the Yangtze River basin". In Y. Yasuda (ed.) ''The Origins of Pottery and Agriculture'', Roli Books, New Delhi, p. 196</ref><ref name=b1>{{cite book |chapter=Australia and the Origins of Agriculture |author=Gerritsen, R. |title=Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology |date=2008 |publisher=Archaeopress |pages=29–30 |isbn=978-1-4073-0354-3 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_1896 |s2cid=129339276}}</ref>