Editing African National Congress (section)

=== Exile in Lusaka ===
After its banning in April 1960, the ANC was driven underground, a process hastened by a barrage of government [[List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid|banning orders]], by an escalation of state repression, and by the imprisonment of senior ANC leaders pursuant to the [[Rivonia Trial|Rivonia trial]] and [[Little Rivonia Trial|Little Rivonia trial]].<ref name="Ellis-1991">{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=Stephen |date=1991 |title=The ANC in Exile |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/722941 |url-status=live |journal=African Affairs |volume=90 |issue=360 |pages=439–447 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098442 |issn=0001-9909 |jstor=722941 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226235211/https://www.jstor.org/stable/722941 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref> From around 1963, the ANC effectively abandoned much of even its underground presence inside South Africa and operated almost entirely from its external mission, with headquarters first in [[Morogoro|Morogoro, Tanzania]], and later in [[Lusaka|Lusaka, Zambia]].<ref name="ANC-1997">{{Cite book |author=African National Congress |url=https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/hrvtrans/submit/anc2.htm#Appendix%201 |title=Further submissions and responses by the African National Congress to questions raised by the Commission for Truth and Reconciliation |publisher=Department of Justice |year=1997 |location=Pretoria |chapter=Appendix: ANC structures and personnel |access-date=26 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214114223/https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/hrvtrans/submit/anc2.htm#Appendix%201 |archive-date=14 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> For the entirety of its time in exile, the ANC was led by Tambo – first ''de facto'', with president [[Albert Luthuli]] under house arrest in [[Zululand District Municipality|Zululand]]; then in an acting capacity, after Luthuli's death in 1967; and, finally, officially, after a leadership vote in 1985.<ref name="Ellis-2013">{{Cite book |last=Ellis |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdlMAgAAQBAJ |title=External Mission: The ANC in Exile, 1960–1990 |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-933061-4 |language=en |access-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231044551/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdlMAgAAQBAJ |archive-date=31 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Also notable about this period was the extremely close relationship between the ANC and the reconstituted [[South African Communist Party]] (SACP), which was also in exile.<ref name="Ellis-2013" />