Editing Afonso V of Portugal (section)

===Administration===
[[File:Throne Afonso V of Portugal.jpg|thumb|upright|Throne of Afonso V]]
Afonso financially supported the exploration of the [[Atlantic Ocean]] led by his uncle [[Prince Henry the Navigator]].{{sfn|Livermore|1947|p=204}} In February 1449, he granted Henry monopoly over navigation in the African Atlantic between Capes Cantin and Bojador.{{sfn|Russell|2000|pages=218-221}} The grant caused conflict with [[John II of Castile]], who asserted that conquest of Barbary and Guinea were reserved for the Castilian crown.{{sfn|Russell|2000|p=222}} John II was also angered by Henry's conduct in the [[Canary Islands]] and repeatedly wrote to Afonso complaining about displays of hostility, such as attacks on Castilian shipping.{{sfn|Russell|2000|pages=270-284}} Tensions finally deescalated with the marriage of Afonso's youngest sister, [[Joan of Portugal|Joan]], to John II's heir, [[Henry IV of Castile|Henry]], in 1455.{{sfn|Russell|2000|p=285}}

In 1452, [[Pope Nicholas V]] issued the [[papal bull]] {{Lang|la|[[Dum Diversas]]}}, which granted Afonso V the right to reduce "Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers" to hereditary slavery. This was reaffirmed and extended in the {{Lang|la|[[Romanus Pontifex]]}} bull of 1455 (also by Nicholas V). These papal bulls came to be seen by some as a justification for the subsequent era of slave trade and European colonialism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=Joseph |title=Nicholas V |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicholas-V-pope |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]}}</ref>

After Henry's death in 1460, his nephew [[Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu|Ferdinand]] inherited his titles and rights but the monopoly over trade reverted to the crown.{{sfn|Newitt|2005|p=31}} In 1469, Afonso V granted [[Fernão Gomes]] the monopoly of trade in the Gulf of Guinea.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scafidi|first=Oscar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1engCgAAQBAJ&dq=King+Afonso+V+of+Portugal+granted+Fern%C3%A3o+Gomes+the+monopoly+of+trade+in+the+Gulf+of+Guinea&pg=PA14|title=Equatorial Guinea|year=2015|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-925-4|pages=14|language=en}}</ref>