Editing Affricate (section)

==Affricates vs. stop–fricative sequences==
In some languages, affricates contrast phonemically with stop–fricative sequences:
*[[Polish language|Polish]] affricate {{IPA|/t͡ʂ/}} in ''czysta'' 'clean [[grammatical gender#Masculine, feminine, and neuter|(f.)]]' versus stop–fricative {{IPA|/tʂ/}} in ''trzysta'' 'three hundred'.<ref>{{citation|last=Gussmann|first=Edmund|year=2007|title=The Phonology of Polish|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=7|isbn=978-0-19-926747-7}}</ref>
*[[Klallam language|Klallam]] affricate {{IPA|/t͡s/}} in ''k'ʷə́nc'' 'look at me' versus stop–fricative {{IPA|/ts/}} in ''k'ʷə́nts'' 'he looks at it'.

The exact phonetic difference varies between languages. In stop–fricative sequences, the stop has a release burst before the fricative starts; but in affricates, the fricative element ''is'' the release. Phonologically, stop–fricative sequences may have a [[syllable]] boundary between the two segments, but not necessarily.

In English, {{IPA|/ts/}} and {{IPA|/dz/}} (''nuts'', ''nods'') are considered phonemically stop–fricative sequences.  They often <!-- some exceptions are tsetse, chintz, waltz, adz, etc. --> contain a [[morpheme]] boundary (for example, ''nuts'' = ''nut'' + ''s''). The English affricate phonemes {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} do not contain morpheme boundaries.

The phonemic distinction in English between the affricate {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} and the stop–fricative sequence {{IPA|/t.ʃ/}} (found across syllable boundaries) can be observed by minimal pairs such as the following:

*''worst shin'' {{IPA|/wɜː(ɹ)st.ʃɪn/}} → {{IPA|[wɜː(ɹ)sʔʃɪn]}}
*''worse chin'' {{IPA|/wɜː(ɹ)s.t͡ʃɪn/}} → {{IPA|[wɜː(ɹ)st͡ʃɪn]}}

In some accents of English, the {{IPA|/t/}} in 'worst shin' [[debuccalization|debuccalizes]] to a [[glottal stop]] before {{IPA|/ʃ/}}.

Stop–fricatives can be distinguished [[acoustic phonetics|acoustic]]ally from affricates by the [[rise time]] of the frication noise, which is shorter for affricates.{{sfnp|Howell|Rosen|1983}}{{sfnp|Johnson|2003}}{{sfnp|Mitani|Kitama|Sato|2006}}