Editing Aerophone (section)

==Types==
{{expand section|date=April 2015}}

===Free===
Free aerophones are instruments where the vibrating air is not enclosed by the instrument itself.

====Displacement====
The air-stream meets a sharp edge, or a sharp edge is moved through the air.

====Interruptive====
The air-stream is interrupted periodically.

====Plosive====
Also known as percussive aerophones, plosive aerophones are percussion instruments sounded by a single compression and release of air.<ref name="See Sharp Press 1996 p. 85"/> An example of a plosive aerophone is the scraper flute which has tubes with ridged or [[serration|serrated]] edges so that they can be scraped with a rod to produce sound.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://windworld.com/bart/invented-instruments/difficult-to-categorize-scraper-flutes/ |title= Scraper Flutes |author= Bart Hopkin |access-date= 29 April 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150407065050/http://windworld.com/bart/invented-instruments/difficult-to-categorize-scraper-flutes/ |archive-date= April 7, 2015 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="Hopkin1996">{{cite book|author=Bart Hopkin|title=Musical Instrument Design: Practical Information for Instrument Making|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CuHi9edzELEC&pg=PA86|date=1 January 1996|publisher=See Sharp Press|isbn=978-1-884365-08-9|page=86}}</ref>

Another example of a percussive aerophone is the so-called [[thongophone]], consisting of a cylindrical pipe that is struck by a special mallet, somehow equivalent to a [[Flip-flops|flip-flop]] (thong). A thongophone may sound like an open-open pipe if the mallet is quickly removed after striking the pipe's extreme. Also, it may sound as an open-closed pipe, if the mallet remains closing the pipe after the attack. In the first situation (open-open), the first resonance mode will have a wavelength that corresponds to two times the pipe length, approximately. It is called by acousticians as a "half-wavelength" air column. In the second situation (open-closed), the first resonance mode will have a wavelength that corresponds to four times the pipe length, approximately.  Acousticians call it as "quarter-wavelength" air-column.

===Non-free===
{{further|Wind instrument}}
Non-free aerophones are instruments where the vibrating air is contained within the instrument. Often called [[wind instrument]]s, they are typically divided into two categories; [[Woodwind instrument|Woodwind]] and [[Brass instrument|Brass]]. It is widely accepted that wind instruments are not classified on the material from which they are made, as a woodwind instrument does not necessarily need to be made of wood, nor a brass instrument made of brass. Woodwind instruments are often made with [[wood]], [[metal]], [[glass]] or [[ivory]], with examples being [[flute]], [[oboe]], [[bassoon]], [[clarinet]],  [[Recorder (musical instrument)|recorder]] and the [[saxophone]]. Brass instruments are often made with [[silver]], [[copper]], [[ivory]], [[Horn (anatomy)|horn]], or even [[wood]]. Examples include the [[trumpet]], [[cornet]], [[Natural horn|horn]], [[trombone]] and the [[tuba]].<ref name="Carse2002">{{cite book|author=Adam Carse|title=Musical Wind Instruments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K6gjXe4NOi4C|year=2002|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-42422-4|pages=1–2}}</ref>

====Flute====
{{main|Flute}}
A flute is a type of aerophone, as is the [[Eunuch flute]], also referred to as a mirliton.<ref name="Nzewi Nzewi 2007 p. 98"/>  A flute is an aerophone or reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air across an opening, usually a sharp edge. According to the instrument classification of [[Hornbostel–Sachs]], flutes are categorized as [[edge-blown aerophones]]. Aside from the voice, flutes are the [[paleolithic flutes|earliest known musical instruments]]. A number of flutes dating to about 43,000 to 35,000 years ago have been found in the [[Swabian Alb]] region of [[Germany]]. These flutes demonstrate that a developed musical tradition existed from the earliest period of modern human presence in Europe.<ref name="NYTimes">{{Cite journal| last = Wilford  | first = John N.| title = Flutes Offer Clues to Stone-Age Music | volume =459| issue =   7244| pages =  248–52| date = June 24, 2009  | pmid = 19444215| doi = 10.1038/nature07995 |bibcode = 2009Natur.459..248C | journal = Nature | s2cid = 205216692}}. Citation on p. 248.
*{{lay source |template=cite news |author=John Noble Wilford |date=June 24, 2009 |title=Flutes Offer Clues to Stone-Age Music |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/25/science/25flute.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="jhevol">{{Cite journal| title = Τesting models for the beginnings of the Aurignacian and the advent of figurative art and music: The radiocarbon chronology of Geißenklösterle | journal = Journal of Human Evolution|year=2012 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.03.003| last1 = Higham| first1 = Thomas| author-link1=Thomas Higham (archaeologist)| last2 = Basell| first2 = Laura| last3 = Jacobi| first3 = Roger| last4 = Wood| first4 = Rachel| last5 = Ramsey| first5 = Christopher Bronk| last6 = Conard| first6 = Nicholas J.| volume = 62| issue = 6| pages = 664–76| pmid = 22575323}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Flute aerophone examples"  heights="150">
File:Indian bamboo flute.jpg|A [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] eight-holed bamboo flute
File:Eight Flute1.JPG|An eight-holed classical Indian bamboo flute.
File:Flûte_a_l'_agnon1.jpg|Example of a [[Eunuch flute]]
</gallery>

====Reed====
{{main|Reed aerophones}}
{{further|Free reed aerophone}}

A reed aerophone is a [[musical instrument]] that produces sound by the player's breath being directed against a [[reed (instrument)|lamella]] or pair of lamellae which periodically interrupt the airflow and cause the air to be set in motion. Reed aerophones can be further subdivided into two distinct categories: [[Single-reed instrument|single-reed]] and [[Double reed|double-reed]] instruments. The former includes [[clarinet]]s and [[saxophone]]s, while examples of the latter are [[oboe]]s and [[bassoon]]s.

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Reed aerophone examples"  heights="400px">
File:FoxBassoon.jpg|A [[bassoon]]
File:Clarinet A-flat 1.jpg|An [[Piccolo clarinet|A-flat clarinet]]
File:Duduk.jpg|A [[duduk]]
File:CurvedSopranoAltoTenorSaxophone.jpg|[[Saxophone]]s – from left to right, an E{{music|b}} [[alto saxophone]], a curved B{{music|b}} [[soprano saxophone]], and a B{{music|b}} [[tenor saxophone]]
</gallery>

====Brass====
{{main|Brass instrument}}
A brass aerophone is a [[musical instrument]] that produces sound by [[Sympathetic resonance|sympathetic vibration]] of air in a tubular [[resonator]] in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips. Brass instruments are also called ''labrosones'', literally meaning "lip-vibrated instruments".<ref>{{cite book|last = Baines|first = Anthony|title = Brass instruments: their history and development|publisher = Dover Publications|year = 1993|page = 300|isbn = 0-486-27574-4}}</ref> There are several factors involved in producing different [[Pitch of brass instruments|pitches on a brass instrument]]. Slides, [[valve]]s, crooks, or keys are used to change vibratory length of tubing, thus changing the available [[harmonic series (music)|harmonic series]], while the player's [[embouchure]], lip tension and air flow serve to select the specific harmonic produced from the available series. Unlike all other aerophones, brass instruments can be "[[Mute (music)|muted]]", in other words, their sounds can be somewhat suppressed as one would use a [[Silencer (firearms)|silencer]] on a firearm. A variety of mutes exist for these instruments, ranging from those made of plastic to others made of metal, and in various shapes.

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Brass aerophone examples"  heights="400">
File:Deutsches Althorn in Tenorhornform.jpg|An [[alto horn]] is a type of [[brass instrument]] and aerophone.
File:Trumpet in c german.jpg|Rotary Valve [[Trumpet]] in C
</gallery>