Editing Adverb (section)

==As a "catch-all" category==
Adverbs are considered a [[part of speech]] in traditional English grammar, and are still included as a part of speech in grammar taught in schools and used in dictionaries. However, modern grammarians recognize that words traditionally grouped together as adverbs serve a number of different functions. Some describe adverbs as a "catch-all" category that includes all words that do not belong to one of the other parts of speech.<ref>For example: Thomas Edward Payne, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LC3DfjWfCiwC Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguists]'', CUP 1997, p. 69.</ref>

A logical approach to dividing words into classes relies on recognizing which words can be used in a certain context.  For example, the only type of word that can be inserted in the following template to form a grammatical sentence is a [[noun]]:
:The _____ is red. (For example, "The hat is red".)
When this approach is taken, it is seen that adverbs fall into a number of different categories. For example, some adverbs can be used to modify an entire sentence, whereas others cannot. Even when a sentential adverb has other functions, the meaning is often not the same. For example, in the sentences ''She gave birth naturally'' and ''Naturally, she gave birth'', the word ''naturally'' has different meanings: in the first sentence, as a verb-modifying adverb, it means "in a natural manner", while in the second sentence, as a sentential adverb, it means something like "of course".

Words like ''very'' afford another example. We can say ''Perry is very fast'', but not ''Perry very won the race''. These words can modify adjectives but not verbs. On the other hand, there are words like ''here'' and ''there'' that cannot modify adjectives. We can say ''The sock looks good there'' but not ''It is a there beautiful sock''. The fact that many adverbs can be used in more than one of these functions can confuse the issue, and it may seem like splitting hairs to say that a single adverb is really two or more words that serve different functions. However, this distinction can be useful, especially when considering adverbs like ''naturally'' that have different meanings in their different functions. [[Rodney Huddleston]] distinguishes between a ''word'' and a ''lexicogrammatical-word''.<ref>{{Cite book
  |last = Huddleston
  |first = Rodney
  |author-link = Rodney Huddleston
  |title = English Grammar: An Outline
  |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
  |location = Cambridge
  |year = 1988
  |page = 7
  |isbn = 0-521-32311-8 }}</ref>

Grammarians find difficulty categorizing [[Affirmative and negative|negating words]], such as the English ''not''. Although traditionally listed as an adverb, this word does not behave grammatically like any other, and it probably should be placed in a class of its own.<ref>[[Guglielmo Cinque|Cinque, Guglielmo]].  1999. ''Adverbs and functional heads—a cross linguistic perspective''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>Haegeman, Liliane. 1995. ''The syntax of negation''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>