Editing Abdominal obesity (section)

=== Diabetes ===
There are numerous theories as to the exact cause and mechanism in [[Diabetes Mellitus Type 2|type 2 diabetes]]. Central obesity is known to predispose individuals for insulin resistance. Abdominal fat is especially active hormonally, secreting a group of hormones called [[adipokine]]s that may possibly [[Impaired glucose tolerance|impair glucose tolerance]]. But [[adiponectin]], an anti-inflammatory adipokine, which is found in lower concentration in obese and diabetic individuals has shown to be beneficial and protective in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ghoshal K, Bhattacharyya M | title = Adiponectin: Probe of the molecular paradigm associating diabetes and obesity | journal = World Journal of Diabetes | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 151–66 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25685286 | pmc = 4317307 | doi = 10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.151 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Darabi H, Raeisi A, Kalantarhormozi MR, Ostovar A, Assadi M, Asadipooya K, Vahdat K, Dobaradaran S, Nabipour I | display-authors = 6 | title = Adiponectin as a Protective Factor Against the Progression Toward Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Postmenopausal Women | journal = Medicine | volume = 94 | issue = 33 | pages = e1347 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26287420 | pmc = 4616451 | doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000001347 }}</ref>

[[Insulin resistance]] is a major feature of diabetes mellitus type 2, and central obesity is correlated with both insulin resistance and T2DM itself.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Duman BS, Turkoglu C, Gunay D, Cagatay P, Demiroglu C, Buyukdevrim AS | year = 2003 | title = The interrelationship between insulin secretion and action in type 2 diabetes mellitus with different degrees of obesity: evidence supporting central obesity | journal = Diabetes Butr Metab | volume = 16 | issue = 4| pages = 243–250 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gabriely I, Ma XH, Yang XM, Atzmon G, Rajala MW, Berg AH, Scherer P, Rossetti L, Barzilai N | display-authors = 6 | title = Removal of visceral fat prevents insulin resistance and glucose intolerance of aging: an adipokine-mediated process? | journal = Diabetes | volume = 51 | issue = 10 | pages = 2951–8 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12351432 | doi = 10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2951 | doi-access = free }}</ref>  Increased [[adiposity]] (obesity) raises serum [[resistin]] levels,<ref name=Asensio2004>{{cite journal | vauthors = Asensio C, Cettour-Rose P, Theander-Carrillo C, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Muzzin P | title = Changes in glycemia by leptin administration or high- fat feeding in rodent models of obesity/type 2 diabetes suggest a link between resistin expression and control of glucose homeostasis | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 145 | issue = 5 | pages = 2206–13 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 14962997 | doi = 10.1210/en.2003-1679 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Degawa-Yamauchi M, Bovenkerk JE, Juliar BE, Watson W, Kerr K, Jones R, Zhu Q, Considine RV | display-authors = 6 | title = Serum resistin (FIZZ3) protein is increased in obese humans | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 88 | issue = 11 | pages = 5452–5 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14602788 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2002-021808 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee JH, Bullen JW, Stoyneva VL, Mantzoros CS | title = Circulating resistin in lean, obese, and insulin-resistant mouse models: lack of association with insulinemia and glycemia | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 288 | issue = 3 | pages = E625-32 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15522996 | doi = 10.1152/ajpendo.00184.2004 | s2cid = 20609673 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vendrell J, Broch M, Vilarrasa N, Molina A, Gómez JM, Gutiérrez C, Simón I, Soler J, Richart C | display-authors = 6 | title = Resistin, adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, and proinflammatory cytokines: relationships in obesity | journal = Obesity Research | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 962–71 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15229336 | doi = 10.1038/oby.2004.118 | doi-access = free }}</ref> which in turn directly correlate to insulin resistance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hirosumi J, Tuncman G, Chang L, Görgün CZ, Uysal KT, Maeda K, Karin M, Hotamisligil GS | display-authors = 6 | title = A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance | journal = Nature | volume = 420 | issue = 6913 | pages = 333–6 | date = November 2002 | pmid = 12447443 | doi = 10.1038/nature01137 | url = http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/GSH-LAB/tnf-ins.html | s2cid = 1659156 | bibcode = 2002Natur.420..333H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rajala MW, Qi Y, Patel HR, Takahashi N, Banerjee R, Pajvani UB, Sinha MK, Gingerich RL, Scherer PE, Ahima RS | display-authors = 6 | title = Regulation of resistin expression and circulating levels in obesity, diabetes, and fasting | journal = Diabetes | volume = 53 | issue = 7 | pages = 1671–9 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15220189 | doi = 10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1671 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Silha JV, Krsek M, Skrha JV, Sucharda P, Nyomba BL, Murphy LJ | title = Plasma resistin, adiponectin and leptin levels in lean and obese subjects: correlations with insulin resistance | journal = European Journal of Endocrinology | volume = 149 | issue = 4 | pages = 331–5 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14514348 | doi = 10.1530/eje.0.1490331 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith SR, Bai F, Charbonneau C, Janderová L, Argyropoulos G | title = A promoter genotype and oxidative stress potentially link resistin to human insulin resistance | journal = Diabetes | volume = 52 | issue = 7 | pages = 1611–8 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12829623 | doi = 10.2337/diabetes.52.7.1611 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Studies have also confirmed a direct correlation between resistin levels and T2DM.<ref name=Asensio2004/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fujinami A, Obayashi H, Ohta K, Ichimura T, Nishimura M, Matsui H, Kawahara Y, Yamazaki M, Ogata M, Hasegawa G, Nakamura N, Yoshikawa T, Nakano K, Ohta M | display-authors = 6 | title = Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for circulating human resistin: resistin concentrations in normal subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes | journal = Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry | volume = 339 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 57–63 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14687894 | doi = 10.1016/j.cccn.2003.09.009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McTernan PG, Fisher FM, Valsamakis G, Chetty R, Harte A, McTernan CL, Clark PM, Smith SA, Barnett AH, Kumar S | display-authors = 6 | title = Resistin and type 2 diabetes: regulation of resistin expression by insulin and rosiglitazone and the effects of recombinant resistin on lipid and glucose metabolism in human differentiated adipocytes | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 88 | issue = 12 | pages = 6098–106 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14671216 | doi = 10.1210/jc.2003-030898 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, Brown EJ, Banerjee RR, Wright CM, Patel HR, Ahima RS, Lazar MA | display-authors = 6 | title = The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes | journal = Nature | volume = 409 | issue = 6818 | pages = 307–12 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11201732 | doi = 10.1038/35053000 | s2cid = 4358808 | bibcode = 2001Natur.409..307S }}</ref>  And it is waistline adipose tissue (central obesity) which seems to be the foremost type of fat deposits contributing to rising levels of serum resistin.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = LiPuma JJ, Spilker T, Coenye T, Gonzalez CF | title = An epidemic Burkholderia cepacia complex strain identified in soil | journal = Lancet | volume = 359 | issue = 9322 | pages = 2002–3 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12076559 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08836-0 | s2cid = 8649208 | url = https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/162874/file/8172364 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McTernan PG, McTernan CL, Chetty R, Jenner K, Fisher FM, Lauer MN, Crocker J, Barnett AH, Kumar S | display-authors = 6 | title = Increased resistin gene and protein expression in human abdominal adipose tissue | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 87 | issue = 5 | pages = 2407 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11994397 | doi = 10.1210/jc.87.5.2407 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Conversely, serum resistin levels have been found to ''decline'' with decreased adiposity following medical treatment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Valsamakis G, McTernan PG, Chetty R, Al Daghri N, Field A, Hanif W, Barnett AH, Kumar S | display-authors = 6 | title = Modest weight loss and reduction in waist circumference after medical treatment are associated with favorable changes in serum adipocytokines | journal = Metabolism | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 430–4 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 15045687 | doi = 10.1016/j.metabol.2003.11.022 }}</ref>