Editing AMD (section)

=== Intel partnership ===
[[Intel]] had introduced the first [[x86]] microprocessors in 1978.<ref>Sanchez, Julio, and Maria P. Canton. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jtKc0k5BWA8C&pg=PA95 ''Software Solutions for Engineers and Scientists''].
CRC Press, 2007. p. 95.</ref> In 1981, [[IBM]] created its [[IBM Personal Computer|PC]], and wanted Intel's x86 processors, but only under the condition that Intel would also provide a [[second-source]] manufacturer for its patented x86 microprocessors.<ref name=singer /> Intel and AMD entered into a 10-year technology exchange agreement, first signed in October 1981<ref name=swaine /><ref>[http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/8086/MANUF-AMD.html AMD 8086 microprocessor family], ''CPU World''. (Accessed November 3, 2014.)</ref> and formally executed in February 1982.<ref name=sec1996 /> The terms of the agreement were that each company could acquire the right to become a second-source manufacturer of semiconductor products developed by the other; that is, each party could "earn" the right to manufacture and sell a product developed by the other, if agreed to, by exchanging the manufacturing rights to a product of equivalent technical complexity. The technical information and licenses needed to make and sell a part would be exchanged for a royalty to the developing company.<ref name=justia1994 /> The 1982 agreement also extended the 1976 AMD–Intel cross-licensing agreement through 1995.<ref name=justia1994 /><ref name=sec1996 /> The agreement included the right to invoke arbitration of disagreements, and after five years the right of either party to end the agreement with one year's notice.<ref name=justia1994 /> The main result of the 1982 agreement was that AMD became a second-source manufacturer of Intel's x86 microprocessors and related chips, and Intel provided AMD with database tapes for its [[8086]], [[80186]], and [[80286]] chips.<ref name=sec1996 /> However, in the event of a bankruptcy or takeover of AMD, the cross-licensing agreement would be effectively canceled.<ref>{{cite web|title=Patent Cross License Agreement|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2488/000119312509236705/dex102.htm|date=November 11, 2009|access-date=February 2, 2021|website=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]}}</ref>

Beginning in 1982, AMD began volume-producing second-source Intel-licensed 8086, 8088, 80186, and 80188 processors, and by 1984, its own [[Am286]] clone of Intel's 80286 processor, for the rapidly growing market of IBM PCs and [[IBM clone]]s.<ref name=singer /><ref>Ziberg, Christian. [http://www.tgdaily.com/trendwatch-features/39628-timeline-how-amd-changed-over-the-past-39-years "Timeline: How AMD changed over the past 39 years"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113081521/http://www.tgdaily.com/trendwatch-features/39628-timeline-how-amd-changed-over-the-past-39-years |date=November 13, 2014 }}. ''TGDaily''. October 7, 2008.</ref> It also continued its successful concentration on proprietary [[bipolar junction transistor|bipolar]] chips.<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Advanced_Micro_Devices_Inc.aspx ''International Directory of Company Histories'']. 1992.</ref>

The company continued to spend greatly on research and development,<ref>Rodengen, pp. 73, 78–80.</ref> and created the world's first 512K [[EPROM]] in 1984.<ref>Rodengen, p. 80.</ref> That year, AMD was listed in the book ''The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America'',<ref name=HittC26 /><ref>Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton; Katz, Michael. ''The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America''. Addison-Wesley, 1984.</ref> and later made the [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]] list for the first time in 1985.<ref>[https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/full/1985/401.html 1985 Full list] . [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]]. ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' archive.</ref><ref>Rodengen, p. 85.</ref>

By mid-1985, the microchip market experienced a severe downturn, mainly due to long-term aggressive trade practices ([[dumping (pricing policy)|dumping]]) from Japan, but also due to a crowded and non-innovative chip market in the United States.<ref>Rodengen, pp. 85–87.</ref> AMD rode out the mid-1980s crisis by aggressively innovating and modernizing,<ref>Rodengen, pp. 86, 90, 95, 99.</ref> devising the Liberty Chip program of designing and manufacturing one new chip or chipset per week for 52 weeks in [[fiscal year]] 1986,<ref name=HittC26 /><ref>Rodengen, pp. 90–91.</ref> and by heavily lobbying the U.S. government until sanctions and restrictions were put in place to prevent predatory Japanese pricing.<ref>Rodengen, pp. 87–88, 97–99.</ref> During this time, AMD withdrew from the [[DRAM]] market,<ref>Rodengen, p. 97.</ref> and made some headway into the [[CMOS]] market, which it had lagged in entering, having focused instead on bipolar chips.<ref>Rodengen, p. 91.</ref>

AMD had some success in the mid-1980s with the AMD7910 and AMD7911 "World Chip" [[frequency-shift keying|FSK]] modem, one of the first multi-standard devices that covered both Bell and [[ITU-T|CCITT]] tones at up to 1200 baud half duplex or 300/300 full duplex.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-Yo_AQAAIAAJ&q=%22amd%22+%22world+chip%22 ''Computer Design, Volume 25, Issues 13–22'']. Computer Design Publishing Corporation, 1986. p. 14.</ref> Beginning in 1986, AMD embraced the perceived shift toward [[RISC]] with their own [[AMD Am29000]] (29k) processor;<ref>Rodengen, p. 100.</ref> the 29k survived as an [[embedded processor]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Mann |first=Daniel |title=Evaluating and Programming the 29K RISC Family |url=http://datasheets.chipdb.org/AMD/29K/29kprog.pdf |year=1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927060927/http://www.amd.com/epd/29k/29kprog/29kprog.pdf |publisher=Advanced Micro Devices |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref><ref>Pflanz, Matthias. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FXWJ61To3iYC&pg=PA23 ''On-line Error Detection and Fast Recover Techniques for Dependable Embedded Processors'']. Springer Science & Business Media, 2002. p. 23.</ref> The company also increased its [[EPROM]] memory market share in the late 1980s.<ref>Rodengen, pp. 121–122.</ref> Throughout the 1980s, AMD was a second-source supplier of Intel x86 processors. In 1991, it introduced its 386-compatible [[Am386]], an AMD-designed chip. Creating its own chips, AMD began to compete directly with Intel.<ref>[https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/37710/amd AMD]. PC Encyclopedia. ''[[PC Magazine]]''.</ref>

AMD had a large, successful [[flash memory]] business, even during the [[dotcom bust]].<ref>Ruiz. p. 20.</ref> In 2003, to divest some manufacturing and aid its overall cash flow, which was under duress from aggressive microprocessor competition from Intel, AMD spun off its flash memory business and manufacturing into [[Spansion]], a joint venture with [[Fujitsu]], which had been co-manufacturing flash memory with AMD since 1993.<ref>Ruiz, pp. 54–55.</ref><ref>Spooner, John G. [http://news.cnet.com/AMD,-Fujitsu-merge-on-flash-memory/2100-1041_3-1025477.html "AMD, Fujitsu merge on flash memory"]. [[CNET]]. July 14, 2003.</ref> In December 2005, AMD divested itself of Spansion to focus on the microprocessor market, and Spansion went public in an IPO.<ref>Yi, Matthew. [http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Spansion-spun-off-by-AMD-Money-losing-flash-2556614.php "Spansion spun off by AMD"]. ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''. December 17, 2005.</ref>