Editing AGM-88 HARM (section)

===Deployment===

====United States====
The HARM missile was approved for full production in March 1983, obtained [[initial operating capability]] (IOC) on the [[A-7E Corsair II]] in late 1983 and then deployed in late 1985 with [[Attack Squadron 46 (United States Navy)|VA-46]] aboard the aircraft carrier [[USS America (CV-66)|USS ''America'']]. In 1986, the first successful firing of the HARM from an EA-6B was performed by VAQ-131. It was soon used in combat—in March 1986 against a [[Libyan Army (1951–2011)|Libyan]] [[S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna|S-200]] surface to air missiles site in the [[Gulf of Sidra]], and then during [[Bombing of Libya (1986)|Operation Eldorado Canyon]] in April.

HARM was used extensively by the Navy, Marine Corps, and the Air Force in [[Operation Desert Storm]] during the [[Persian Gulf War]] of 1991.
During the Gulf War, the HARM was involved in a [[friendly fire]] incident when the pilot of an F-4G Wild Weasel escorting a [[B-52 Stratofortress|B-52G]] bomber mistook the latter's tail gun radar for an Iraqi [[antiaircraft artillery|AAA]] site—this was after the tail gunner of the B-52 had targeted the F-4G, mistaking it for an Iraqi [[MiG]]. The F-4 pilot launched the missile and then saw that the target was the B-52, which was hit. It survived with shrapnel damage to the tail and no casualties. The B-52 (serial number 58-0248) was subsequently renamed ''In HARM's Way''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lake |first=Jon |title=B-52 Stratofortress Units in Operation Desert Storm |year=2004 |publisher=Osprey |location=Oxford |isbn=1-84176-751-4 |pages=47–48 |edition=1st}}</ref>

"Magnum" is spoken over the radio to announce the launch of an AGM-88.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/usaf/docs/mcm3-1-a1.htm |title=MCM 3-1 |volume=1 |chapter=Attachment I: Glossary: Operational Brevity Words and Terminology |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |date=1 December 1991 |access-date=2010-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314121936/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/usaf/docs/mcm3-1-a1.htm |archive-date=2010-03-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During the Gulf War, if an aircraft was illuminated by enemy radar a bogus "Magnum" call on the radio was often enough to convince the operators to power down.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lambeth |first=Benjamin |title=The Transformation of American Air Power |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, NY |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8014-3816-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/transformationof00lamb/page/112 112] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/transformationof00lamb}}</ref> This technique would also be employed in [[Serbia and Montenegro|Yugoslavia]] during [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|air operations in 1999]]. On 28 April 1999, during this campaign, an early variant of the AGM-88, after being fired in self defense mode by a NATO jet, lost its radio frequency track as the Serbian air defense radar was turned off, hitting a house in the [[Gorna Banya]] district of the Bulgarian capital, [[Sofia]], causing damages, but no casualties.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/apr/30/balkans1 | title=Rogue missile hits suburb of Bulgarian capital | website=[[TheGuardian.com]] | date=30 April 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/331127.stm | title=BBC News {{pipe}} Europe {{pipe}} Sofia hit by Nato missile }}</ref>

During the 1990s and early 2000s and during the initial weeks of the operation [[Iraqi Freedom]], the HARM was used to enforce the [[Iraqi no-fly zones conflict|Iraqi No-Fly-Zones]], degrading the Iraqi air defenses trying to engage US and allied patrolling aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tirpak |first=John A. |title=Legacy of the Air Blockades |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2003/February%202003/02legacy03.pdf |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine}}</ref>
During the opening days of Operation Iraqi Freedom, deconflicting US Army [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]] batteries and allied aircraft routes turned out being more difficult than expected, resulting in three major friendly fire incidents:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theaviationgeekclub.com/blue-blue-story-u-s-navy-F-18-shot-u-s-army-pac-3-patriot-missile-battery-oif/ | title=Blue-On-Blue! The story of the U.S. Navy F/A-18 that was shot down by a U.S. Army PAC-3 Patriot missile battery during OIF | date=7 March 2018 }}</ref> in one of them, on March 24, 2003, a USAF [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16CJ/DJ Block 50D/52D|F-16CJ Fighting Falcon]] fired an AGM-88 HARM at a Patriot missile battery after the Patriot's radar had [[Radar lock-on|locked onto]] and prepared to fire at the aircraft, causing the pilot to mistake it for an Iraqi surface-to-air missile system because the aircraft was in air combat operations and was on its way to a mission near Baghdad. The HARM damaged the Patriot's radar system with no casualties.<ref>{{cite web |title=F-16 vs Patriot friendly fire incident on 24 March 2003 in Iraq {{!}} Key Aero |url=https://www.key.aero/forum/modern-military-aviation/44425-f-16-vs-patriot-friendly-fire-incident-on-24-march-2003-in-iraq |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.key.aero |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=AXE |first=DAVID |date=2016-07-11 |title=That Time an Air Force F-16 and an Army Missile Battery Fought Each Other |url=https://medium.com/war-is-boring/that-time-an-air-force-f-16-and-an-army-missile-battery-fought-each-other-bb89d7d03b7d |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=War Is Boring |language=en}}</ref>

Starting in March 2011, during [[Operation Unified Protector]] against Libya, US Navy EA-18Gs had their combat debut using HARMs against Libyan air defenses together with USAF F-16CJs and Italian Tornadoes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.navy.mil/Resources/Fact-Files/Display-FactFiles/Article/2166036/ea-18g-growler-airborne-electronic-attack-aircraft/ | title=EA-18G Growler Airborne Electronic Attack Aircraft |date=17 September 2021 |publisher=[[United States Navy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205172759/https://www.navy.mil/Resources/Fact-Files/Display-FactFiles/Article/2166036/ea-18g-growler-airborne-electronic-attack-aircraft/ |archive-date=2025-02-05 |access-date=2025-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmas |first=Francesco |title=PASSATO E PRESENTE DELLE OPERAZIONI SEAD |url=https://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/periodico_2013/Documents/R6_2013/20_33_R6_2013.pdf |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=difesa.it |language=it}}</ref>

On 24 February 2024, a US Navy [[EA-18G Growler]] from [[USS Dwight D. Eisenhower]] destroyed a [[Houthis|Houthi]]-operated [[Mi-24|Mi-24/35]] [[attack helicopter]] on the ground with an AGM-88E AARGM.<ref name="TWZ 15 May 2024">{{cite news |last1=Altman |first1=Howard |last2=Trevithick |first2=Joseph |last3=Rogoway |first3=Tyler |title=Navy EA-18G Growler Sports Puzzling Mi-24 Hind Kill Mark Overseas |url=https://www.twz.com/air/navy-ea-18g-growler-sports-puzzling-mi-24-hind-kill-mark-overseas |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=The War Zone |date=May 15, 2024}}</ref><ref name="TWZ 6 June 2024">{{cite news |last1=Altman |first1=Howard |last2=Rogoway |first2=Tyler |title=EA-18G Growler Killed A Houthi Mi-24 Hind With An AGM-88E Anti-Radiation Missile |url=https://www.twz.com/air/ea-18g-growler-killed-a-houthi-mi-24-hind-with-an-agm-88e-anti-radiation-missile |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=The War Zone |date=June 6, 2024}}</ref>

====Israel====
In 2013, US President [[Barack Obama]] offered the AGM-88 to Israel for the first time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2013/07/01/Israel-seeks-50B-in-US-loans-to-buy-arms/UPI-49641372706630/ |title=Israel seeks $5B in U.S. loans to buy arms |date=July 1, 2013 |agency=[[United Press International]] |access-date=2013-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707003555/http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2013/07/01/Israel-seeks-50B-in-US-loans-to-buy-arms/UPI-49641372706630 |archive-date=2013-07-07 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Italy====
Starting in March 2011, during [[Operation Unified Protector]], Italian [[Panavia Tornado|Tornados]] employed AGM-88 HARMs against Libyan air defenses.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.flightglobal.com/libya-italian-eurofighters-harriers-fly-first-combat-air-patrol-missions/99120.article | title=LIBYA: Italian Eurofighters, Harriers fly first combat air patrol missions }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.difesa.it/Content/Pagine/ContributoAeronauticaMilitare.aspx | title=Contributo Aeronautica Militare all'Operazione Nato 'Unified Protector' – Difesa.it }}</ref>

====Ukraine====
In mid-2022, during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the US supplied AGM-88 HARM missiles to Ukraine. It was only disclosed after Russian forces showed footage of a tail fin from one of these missiles in early August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pentagon acknowledges sending previously undisclosed anti-radar missiles to Ukraine |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/08/politics/anti-radar-missiles-ukraine-russia-pentagon/index.html |first=Oren |last=Liebermann |date=2022-08-08 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> U.S. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy [[Colin Kahl]] said in recent aid packages they had included a number of anti-radiation missiles that can be fired by Ukrainian aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |date=2022-08-08 |title=Anti-Radiation Missiles Sent To Ukraine, U.S. Confirms |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/u-s-confirms-air-launched-anti-radiation-missiles-sent-to-ukraine |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=The War Zone |language=en}}</ref> As built, Soviet-era aircraft do not have the computer architecture to accept NATO standard weapons. Indeed, none of the former Warsaw Pact countries, even those that have had their Soviet-era aircraft updated, were enabled to fire a HARM before.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anti-Radiation Missiles Sent To Ukraine, U.S. Confirms |url=https://mezha.media/en/2022/08/08/agm-88-harm/ |first=Oleg |last=Danylov |date=2022-08-08 |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Mezha.Media |language=en}}</ref> The interface seemed difficult unless using a "crude modification", such as integrating it with an added [[Tablet computer|e-tablet]] into the cockpit, building a nearly totally independent subsystem within the carrying aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rogoway |first=Tyler |date=2022-08-07 |title=Anti-Radiation Missiles Sent To Ukraine, U.S. Confirms |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/does-ukraine-now-have-agm-88-high-speed-anti-radiation-missiles |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=The War Zone |language=en}}</ref> As suggested by Domenic Nicholis, defense correspondent for the Telegraph in the UK, the HARM missile is possibly operating in one of its three modes that enables it to find its target once flying after being released towards a possible enemy air defense and electronic emission area. Pre mission or during flight, NATO [[signals intelligence]] aircraft or different intelligence would be providing the overall electromagnetic emissions battlefield to locate the Russian radars where the Ukrainian jets, armed with HARMs would be directed to fire them. This allows the missile to achieve a very long range attack profile, even if it's possible that the missile does not find a target while flying, going wasted.<ref>{{cite podcast| title=The mood in the EU, US military aid & why Zelenksy wants Europe to stop giving visas to Russians |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/the-mood-in-the-eu-us-military-aid-why-zelenksy/id1612424182?i=1000575534897|time=4:02-42 |website=The Telegraph| date= 8 August 2022| access-date=2022-08-11}}</ref> A second possible use of the HARM is operating it in a mode called "HARM as sensor". Similar to the described mode before, the missile acts as both sensor and weapon, not requiring a sensor pod. A simple interface would show that the missile has a target and the pilot can launch it. In this way the range is shorter, and the jet could be under threat already, but would maximize the possibility to hit the emitter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukrainian Jets Are Firing American Anti-Radar Missiles |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/08/11/ukrainian-jets-are-firing-american-anti-radar-missiles/?sh=840f8f631a98 |first=David |last=Axe |date=2022-08-11 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2022, a senior U.S. defense official confirmed that the Ukrainians have successfully integrated the AGM-88 HARM missile onto their "MiG aircraft", hinting the MiG-29 was the chosen fighter jet<ref>{{cite news |first=Joseph |last=Trevithick | url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ukrainian-mig-29s-are-firing-agm-88-anti-radiation-missiles | title=Ukrainian MiG-29s Are Firing AGM-88 Anti-Radiation Missiles | date=19 August 2022 |website=The War Zone | access-date=2022-08-20}}</ref> with video evidence of AGM-88 missiles fired by upgraded Ukrainian MiG-29s released by the [[Ukrainian Air Force]] a few days later.<ref name="theaviationist.com">{{cite web | url=https://theaviationist.com/2022/08/30/first-footage-of-ukrainian-mig-firing-arm-emerges/ | title=First Footage of Ukrainian MiG-29 Firing US-delivered Anti-Radiation Missiles Emerges | date=30 August 2022 }}</ref>

Speaking on 19 September, US Air Force General [[James B. Hecker]] said the effort to integrate AGM-88 HARM missiles into the Ukrainian Su-27s and MiG-29s took "some months" to achieve. This does not give the Ukrainian Air Force the same "capabilities that it would on an F-16." However he said: "Even though you don't get a kinetic kill ... you can get local air superiority for a period of time where you can do what you need to do."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-19 |title= It took 'couple of months' to put US anti-radiation missiles on Ukrainian fighters, USAF reveals |author=Valerie Insinna  |work=breaking defense |url= https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-may-have-lost-four-combat-jets-ukraine-last-10-days-uk-says-2022-09-19/ |access-date=2022-09-22}}</ref>

During early September 2022, a Ukrainian Su-27S was spotted with an AGM-88 HARM fitted on the wing pylons. This is the first case of an Su-27 being spotted with an AGM-88 fitted. The missile has been directly fitted to the APU-470 missile launchers, the same launcher used by MiG-29 and Su-27 to fire missiles like the [[R-27 (air-to-air missile)]]. This suggests that mounting the missile on Soviet aircraft is much easier than experts initially believed, being as simple as  "requiring just an interface for the different wirings and the hanging points of the missile". The earlier footage of a Ukrainian MiG-29 using an AGM-88 indicated that the display recognized the missile as a R-27EP, which is designed to lock onto airborne radars. This suggests that the aircraft are using their own avionics to fire the missile, without the need for additional modifications.<ref>{{cite news |author=Stefano D'Urso  |title=Ukrainian Su-27s Are Now Using AGM-88 HARM Missiles Too |url=https://theaviationist.com/2022/09/09/ukrainian-su-27-agm-88-harm-missiles/ |publisher=The Aviationist |date=9 September 2022}}</ref>

In December, the [[Ukrainian Air Force]] released a video showing a [[MiG-29]] firing two HARM missiles in a volley.  Russia has made the first claim of the war that they have shot down four HARM missiles.<ref>{{cite news |title= 'Double HARM': Ukrainian MiG-29 Fires Two AGM-88 Missiles Simultaneously Presumably At Russian Positions |date=17 December 2022|author= Ashish Dangwal |url= https://eurasiantimes.com/double-harm-ukrainian-mig-29-fires-two-agm-88-anti-radiation/?amp |publisher=EurAsian Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Russia 'Shoots Down' 4 AGM-88 Anti-Radiation Missiles (HARM) Over Belgorod Region, MoD Says |date=19 December 2022|url= https://eurasiantimes.com/russia-shoots-down-4-agm-88-anti-radiation-missiles-harm/?amp |publisher=EurAsian Times}}</ref>