Editing 413 BC (section)

==== Greece ====
* After suffering a defeat in which the [[Athens|Athenian]] commander [[Lamachus]] is killed, [[Demosthenes (general)|Demosthenes]] suggests that they immediately give up the siege of [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] and return to Athens, where they are needed to defend against a [[Sparta]]n invasion of [[Attica]]. [[Nicias]] refuses, but the Syracusans and Spartans under [[Hermocrates]] are able to trap the Athenians in the harbour and the Athenians sustain heavy losses in the [[Sicilian Expedition|Battle of Syracuse]]. Demosthenes is ambushed by the Syracusans and is forced to surrender. Nicias is soon captured as well, and both are executed, with most of the surviving Athenian soldiers sent to work in the Sicilian quarries. Ten ''[[proboulos]]'' (including [[Sophocles]]) are elected to help run Athens.
* [[Tissaphernes]], the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] [[satrap]] of [[Lydia]] and [[Caria]], forms an alliance with Sparta. The Spartans, with strategic advice from [[Alcibiades]] and limited assistance from the Persians under [[Pharnabazus (5th century BC)|Pharnabazus]], advance almost to the gates of Athens. King [[Agis II]] leads the Spartan force that occupies [[Decelea]] in Attica.
* [[Archelaus I of Macedon|Archelaus I]] becomes King of [[Macedon]]ia following the death of his father, King [[Perdiccas II]]. Archelaus seizes the throne after murdering his uncle, his cousin, and his half brother, the legitimate heir.