Editing 2008 Summer Olympics (section)

===Costs===
[[File:Beijing Olympic Green.jpg|thumb|[[Olympic Green]], from above]]
[[File:Beijing China Beijing-National-Stadium-02.jpg|thumb|[[Beijing National Stadium]], or "Bird's Nest"]]
[[File:国家游泳中心夜景.jpg|thumb|[[Beijing National Aquatics Center|National Aquatics Center]] or "Water Cube"]]
[[File:Beijing National Indoor Stadium 2019 2.jpg|thumb|[[Beijing National Indoor Stadium|National Indoor Stadium]]]]
[[File:北京五棵松蓝球场 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Wukesong Indoor Stadium]]]]

On 6 March 2009, the [[Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games]] reported that total spending on the Games was "generally as much as that of the Athens 2004 Olympic Games", which was equivalent to about US$15&nbsp;billion. They went on to claim that surplus revenues from the Games would exceed the original target of $16&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Surplus of Beijing Olympic Games exceeds 16 million USD|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90884/6608035.html|publisher=[[People's Daily Online]]|date=6 March 2009|access-date=5 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624100914/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90884/6608035.html|archive-date=24 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Other reports, however, estimated the total costs from $40&nbsp;to $44&nbsp;billion, which would make the Games "far and away the most expensive ever".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-Olympics/idUSPEK25823820080805 | title=Beijing Games to be costliest, but no debt legacy | work=[[Reuters]] | date=5 August 2008 | access-date=5 June 2009 | author=Rabinovitch, Simon | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714014915/http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-Olympics/idUSPEK25823820080805 | archive-date=14 July 2009 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.pravda.ru/sports/games/06-08-2008/106003-beijing_olympics-0/|title=Beijing Olympics to cost China 44 billion dollars|work=Pravda|date=8 August 2008|access-date=29 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802050026/http://english.pravda.ru/sports/games/06-08-2008/106003-beijing_olympics-0/|archive-date=2 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/jul/28/olympicgames2008.china1|title=The cost of the Beijing Olympics|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=28 July 2008|access-date=5 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902123910/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/jul/28/olympicgames2008.china1|archive-date=2 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Its budget was later exceeded by the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sochi]], which suffered from major [[cost overrun]]s; the 2014 Winter Olympics costed roughly US$50&nbsp;billion in public funding.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/did-the-winter-olympics-in-sochi-really-cost-50-billion-a-closer-look-at-that-figure/2014/02/10/a29e37b4-9260-11e3-b46a-5a3d0d2130da_story.html|newspaper=Washington Post|title=Did the Winter Olympics in Sochi really cost $50 billion? A closer look at that figure.|date=10 February 2014|author=Paul Farhi}}</ref> The ''Oxford Olympics Study 2016'' estimates the outturn cost of the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics at US$6.8 billion in 2015-dollars. This includes sports-related costs only, such as those incurred by the organizing committee or those incurred by the host city, country, and private investors to build structures required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs—those not directly related to staging the Games—are not included. The Beijing Olympics' cost of US$6.8 billion compares with costs of US$4.6 billion for Rio 2016 and US$15 billion for London 2012.<ref>{{Cite book|ssrn=2804554|title=The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games|last1=Flyvbjerg|first1=Bent|last2=Stewart|first2=Allison|last3=Budzier|first3=Alexander|publisher=Saïd Business School Working Papers (Oxford: University of Oxford)|year=2016|location=Oxford|pages=18–20|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2804554 |arxiv=1607.04484 | issn = 1556-5068 }}</ref>