Editing 2000 Summer Olympics (section)

===Costs===
The ''Oxford Olympics Study 2016'' estimates the outturn cost of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics at US$5 billion in 2015 dollars and cost overrun at 90% in real terms.<ref>{{Cite book|ssrn=2804554|title=The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games|last1=Flyvbjerg|first1=Bent|last2=Stewart|first2=Allison|last3=Budzier|first3=Alexander|publisher=Saïd Business School Working Papers (Oxford: University of Oxford)|year=2016|location=Oxford|pages=9, 13}}</ref> This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) ''operational costs'' incurred by the organizing committee to stage the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) ''direct capital costs'' incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast centre, and media and press centre, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs are ''not'' included, such as for road, [[Olympic Park railway line, Sydney|rail]], airport infrastructure, hotel upgrades, or other business investments incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The cost for Sydney 2000 compares with a cost of US$4.6 billion for Rio 2016, US$40–44 billion for Beijing 2008, and US$51 billion for Sochi 2014, the most expensive Olympics in history. The average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is US$5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%.

In 2000, the [[Auditor-General of New South Wales]] reported that the Sydney Games cost [[Australian dollar|A$]]6.6&nbsp;billion, with a net cost to the public between A$1.7 and A$2.4&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.liebreich.com/LDC/HTML/Olympics/London/Sydney.html |title=Sydney 2000&nbsp;– Auditor Slams Costs |website=liebreich.com |date=23 April 2003 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050207142926/http://www.liebreich.com/LDC/HTML/Olympics/London/Sydney.html |archive-date = 7 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.audit.nsw.gov.au/agrep02v2/costofolympicgames.pdf |title=Cost of the Olympic and Paralympic Games |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050620055157/http://www.audit.nsw.gov.au/agrep02v2/costofolympicgames.pdf |archive-date=20 June 2005 |pages=10–11 |quote=Olympic Co-ordination Authority ... OCA's current report on the actual result ... Total net impact in A$$ million: ... 1,326.1}}</ref> In the years leading up to the games, funds were shifted from education and health programs to cover Olympic expenses.<ref name="FindlingPelle2004">{{cite book|last1=Findling|first1=John E.|last2=Pelle|first2=Kimberly D.|title=Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&pg=PA252|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313322785|page=252|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016120917/https://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&pg=PA252|url-status=live}}</ref>

It has been estimated that the economic impact of the 2000 Olympics was that A$2.1&nbsp;billion has been shaved from public consumption. Economic growth was not stimulated to a net benefit and in the years after 2000, foreign tourism to NSW grew by less than tourism to Australia as a whole. A "multiplier" effect on broader economic development was not realised, as a simple "multiplier" analysis fails to capture that resources have to be redirected from elsewhere: the building of a stadium is at the expense of other public works such as extensions to hospitals. Building sporting venues does not add to the aggregate stock of productive capital in the years following the Games: "Equestrian centers, softball compounds, and man-made rapids are not particularly useful beyond their immediate function."<ref>{{cite news| url = http://business.smh.com.au/no-medals-for-economic-benefits-of-the-games/20080411-25ks.html| title = No medals for economic benefits of the Games| last = Saulwick| first = Jacob| date = 12 April 2008| access-date = 16 April 2008| work = Business Day| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120818202141/http://www.smh.com.au/business/no-medals-for-economic-benefits-of-the-games-20080411-25ks.html?page=2| archive-date = 18 August 2012| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}  The article is based largely on a recent study by James Giesecke and John Madden from the Centre of Policy Studies at Monash University.</ref>

Many venues that were constructed in [[Sydney Olympic Park]] failed financially in the years immediately following the Olympics to meet the expected bookings to meet upkeep expenses. It was only the [[2003 Rugby World Cup]] that reconnected the park back to citizens.<ref name="PoynterMacRury2009">{{cite book|last1=Poynter|first1=Gavin|last2=MacRury|first2=Iain|title=Olympic Cities: 2012 and the Remaking of London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOlHevOfgn8C&pg=PA137|date=6 October 2009|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9780754671008|page=137|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016120917/https://books.google.com/books?id=YOlHevOfgn8C&pg=PA137|url-status=live}}</ref> In recent years,{{when|date=July 2024}} infrastructure costs for some facilities have been of growing concern to the NSW Government, especially facilities in Western Sydney.<ref name="PoynterMacRury2009" /> Proposed [[Sydney Metro West|metro]] and [[Parramatta Light Rail|light rail]] links from Olympic Park to Parramatta have been estimated to cost in the same order of magnitude as the public expenditure on the games.<ref name="SMHSaulwick">{{cite news |last1=Saulwick |first1=Jacob |title=Prospect of demolishing Dunc Gray Velodrome threatens NSW Cycling |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/prospect-of-demolishing-dunc-gray-velodrome-threatens-nsw-cycling-20161209-gt7fes.html |access-date=17 February 2022 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |publisher=Nine |date=9 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} [[Stadium Australia]] had been considered for [[Stadium Australia#Proposed renovations|demolition]] in 2017 by then NSW Premier [[Gladys Berejiklian]], citing that the stadium was "built for an Olympics" but not for modern spectators.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Macmillan |first1=Jade |title=The demolition and redesign of Sydney's Olympic Stadium explained |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-24/nsw-government-reveals-why-olympic-stadium-is-being-knocked-down/9187608 |access-date=17 February 2022 |work=ABC News |date=24 November 2017 |language=en-AU}}</ref> The plan was scrapped in 2020 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pavitt |first1=Michael |title=Plans to redevelop Sydney Olympic Stadium scrapped over COVID-19 economic impact |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1094815/sydney-stadium-redevelopment-scrapped |access-date=17 February 2022 |work=Inside the Games |date=31 May 2020}}</ref> The [[Dunc Gray Velodrome]] has also struggled to keep up its $500,000-per-year maintenance costs,<ref name="SMHSaulwick" /> although it is still used for track cycling events.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Veage |first1=John |title=Clarence St Cup carnival |url=https://www.theleader.com.au/story/7134474/clarence-st-cup-carnival/ |access-date=17 February 2022 |work=St George & Sutherland Shire Leader |date=23 February 2021 |language=en-AU}}</ref>