Editing 1659 (section)

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 22]] &ndash; Under pressure from the English Army in London, which has assembled troops outside of Westminster, [[Richard Cromwell]], [[Lord Protector]] of England, Scotland and Ireland, dissolves the [[Third Protectorate Parliament]], the last for the Commonwealth.<ref>Henry Reece, ''The Army in Cromwellian England, 1649-1660'' (Oxford University Press, 2013) p. 174</ref>
* [[May 6]] &ndash; English Army General [[Hezekiah Haynes]], joined by officers [[Charles Fleetwood]], [[John Lambert (general)|John Lambert]], [[James Berry (major-general)|James Berry]], [[Robert Lilburne]], [[Thomas Kelsey]], [[William Goffe]] and [[William Packer (Major-General)|William Packer]], presents the manifesto ''A Declaration of the Officers of the Army'', advocating that Lord Protector Cromwell step down after restoring the "[[Rump Parliament]]" to administer England. Cromwell restores the parliament rule the next day and decides to step down.<ref>David Farr, ''Major-General Hezekiah Haynes and the Failure of Oliver Cromwell’s Godly Revolution, 1594–1704'' (Taylor & Francis, 2020)</ref>
* [[May 21]] &ndash; The [[Kingdom of France]], the [[Commonwealth of England]] and the [[Dutch Republic]] sign the [[Concert of The Hague (1659)|Concert of The Hague]], agreeing a common stance on the [[Second Northern War]].
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[Richard Cromwell]] resigns as English [[Lord Protector]], submitting "a letter that may have been dictated to him."<ref>[https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/richard-cromwell-resigns-lord-protector "Richard Cromwell Resigns as Lord Protector: The Lord Protector stood down on May 25th, 1659"], by Richard Cavendish, ''History Today'', May 5, 2009</ref> In the letter, signed by Cromwell in front of Sir Gilbert Pickering and Lord Chief-Justice St. John, "I have perused the Resolve and Declaration, which you were pleased to deliver to me the other Night," and after listing his personal debts to be paid in return for stepping down, "As to that Part of the Resolve, whereby the Committee are to inform themselves, How far I do acquiesce in the Government of this Commonwealth, as it is declared by this Parliament; I trust, my past Carriage hitherto hath manifested my Acquiescence in the Will and Disposition of God; and that I love and value the Peace of this Commonwealth much above my own Concernments: And I desire, that by this, a Measure of my future Deportment may be taken; which, thro' the Assistance of God, shall be such as shall bear the same Witness; having, I hope, in some degree, learned rather to reverence and submit to the Hand of God, than to be unquiet under it: And, as to the late Providences that have fallen out amongst us, however, in respect of the particular Engagements that lay upon me, I could not be active in making a Change in the Government of these Nations, yet through the Goodness of God, I can freely acquiesce in it, being made; and do hold myself obliged."<ref>[https://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol7/pp664-665 "Richard Cromwell's Renunciation"], ''House of Commons Journal'' (25 May 1659), pp. 664-665, British History Online</ref> The executive government is replaced by the restored Council of State, dominated by Generals John Lambert, Charles Fleetwood and [[John Desborough]]. The Council of State is dismissed by the Rump Parliament on October 13 and replaced by the "Committee of Safety" on October 25.<ref>Timothy Venning, ''Compendium of British Office Holders'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) p. 77</ref>
* [[June 10]] &ndash; [[Dara Shikoh]], at one time the heir apparent for the [[Mughal Empire]], is betrayed by an Afghan chieftain, Junaid Khan Barozai, who had initially given him refuge from pursuit from the new emperor, Aurangzeb. Turned over to Aurangzeb's men, Dara Shikoh is killed on August 30.
* [[June 29]] &ndash; In the [[Battle of Konotop (1659)|Battle of Konotop]], fought near the Ukrainian city of [[Konotop]] during the [[Russo-Polish War (1654–67)|Russo-Polish War]], Polish Cossack ''[[hetman]]'' [[Ivan Vyhovsky]] and his allies defeat the armies of the [[Tsardom of Russia]], led by [[Aleksey Trubetskoy]].