Editing 1639 (section)

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 14]] &ndash; In the [[Battle of Chemnitz]], [[Sweden|Swedish]] forces under [[Johan Banér]] inflict a crushing defeat on the army of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], prolonging the [[Thirty Years' War]] and allowing the Swedes to occupy [[Pirna]] and advance into [[Bohemia]].
* [[April 22]] &ndash; [[Pope Urban VIII]] issues a papal bull prohibiting slavery in the New World colonies of Spain and Portugal, encompassing most of Latin America.
* [[April]] &ndash; Italian-born [[Cardinal Mazarin]], apostolic [[nuncio]] to [[Paris]] and adviser to [[Cardinal Richelieu]], is [[Naturalization|naturalized]] French by letters patent; in December, he leaves the service of Rome to enter that of King [[Louis XIII of France]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Lucien|last=Bély|title=L'art de la paix en Europe: naissance de la diplomatie moderne, XVIe-XVIIIe siècle|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|year=2015|isbn=9782130738961}}</ref>
* [[May 2]] &ndash; After a 40-day siege, the [[Dutch East India Company]] Army captures the [[Fort Fredrick|Trincomalee Fort]] on the island of Ceylon (now [[Sri Lanka]]) from the [[Portuguese Empire]]. 
* [[May 28]] &ndash; King [[Charles I of England]] arrives with his army at [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]] as the first of the [[Bishops' Wars]] breaks out between the English Army and the Scottish [[Covenanters]]. <ref name=Gardiner>Samuel Rawson Gardiner, ''The Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I. 1637-1649'' (Longmans, Green, & Company, 1882) p. 224, 243</ref>
* [[June 18]]
**The [[Treaty of Berwick (1639)|Treaty of Berwick]] is signed between Charles I and the Scots.<ref>{{cite book | last = Peberdy | first = Robert | title = A dictionary of British and Irish history | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc | location = Hoboken, NJ | year = 2021 | isbn = 9780631201540 |page=53|language=en}}</ref>
**On the same day, the first battle of the Bishops' Wars is fought by [[William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal|Earl Marischal]] and the [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose|Marquess of Montrose]] when they lead a Covenanter army of 9,000 men past [[Muchalls Castle]] over the [[Causey Mounth]] to fight at the [[Bridge of Dee]] in Scotland. <ref name=Gardiner/><ref> {{cite book | last = Jaques | first = Tony | title = Dictionary of battles and sieges : a guide to 8,500 battles from antiquity through the Twenty-first century | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport, Conn | year = 2007 | isbn = 9780313335389 | page=650 | language=en}}</ref>