Editing 1523 (section)

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 4]] &ndash; Under a plan organized by Sister  [[Katharina von Bora]] and Protestant reformer [[Martin Luther]], fish merchant Leonhard Köppe helps carry out the rescue of Von Bora and other [[Cistercians|Cistercian Catholic]] [[nun]]s from the Nimbschen Abbey in Germany near [[Grimma]] and [[Leipzig]]. On the day before Easter, Köppe arrives at the convent under the pretext of bringing delivering herring and other foods to the Abbey, then uses empty barrels to smuggle the nuns to [[Wittenberg]]. Von Bora will later become Luther's wife.<ref>[https://lutheranreformation.org/history/katharina-von-bora-luther/ "Katharina von Bora Luther"], by Dr. Jack Kilcrease, LutheranReformation.org</ref><ref>Roland H. Bainton, ''Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther'' (Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1950) p.223</ref>
* [[April 12]] &ndash; The Spanish conquest of Nicaragua continues as [[Gil González Dávila]] and 17 other soldiers arrive at [[Lake Nicaragua]] and claim it for the Spanish crown, calling the freshwater source the ''Mar Dulce''. Gonzalez and 100 men with him have been welcomed by [[Nicarao (cacique)|Macuilmiquiztli Nicarao]], leader of the friendly [[Nicarao people]], to explore the area.<ref name=Melendez>Carlos Meléndez, ''Hernández de Córdoba: Capitán de conquista en Nicaragua'' (Editorial San Jose, 1976) pp. 59–64</ref> 
* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Mirza Shah Hossein]], [[List of Safavid Grand Viziers|Grand Vizier of Persia]] since 1514, is assassinated in [[Qazvin]] (now in Iran) by Shia nobles of the Qizilbash sect, and replaced by [[Jalal al-Din Mohammad Tabrizi]].<ref>Roger Savory, ''Iran under the Safavids'' (Cambridge University Press, 2007)</ref>  
* [[April 15]] &ndash; [[Thomas More|Sir Thomas More]], noted for being a Catholic social philosopher and author of the 1516 novel ''[[Utopia (More book)|Utopia]]'', is appointed by King Henry VIII as the Speaker of the English House of Commons for the first parliamentary session since 1515. He serves until the Parliament adjourns on August 15.
* [[April 17]] &ndash; In Nicaragua, [[Diriangén]], ruler of the [[Mangue language|Chorotega]] speakers, stages an attack on the Spanish invaders led by González Dávila.<ref name=Melendez/> Having been warned by one of the Nicarao natives of the intended surprise attack, Spanish defenders on horses rout the Chorotega, but several of the Spaniards are wounded. The Spanish then decide to proceed no further inland.
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], brings the [[Spanish Inquisition]] to the Netherlands with the appointment of Frans Van der Hulst as the inquisitor general of the [[Seventeen Provinces]], which will later become parts of the Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the southern Netherlands.<ref>Herman J. Selderhuis and Peter Nissen, "The Sixteenth Century", in ''Handbook of Dutch Church History'' (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014) p.189</ref>
* [[April 24]] &ndash; The [[Diet of Hungary]], parliament for the Kingdom of Hungary under [[Louis II of Hungary|King Lajos II]], passes a decree ordering the confiscation of property and execution of all followers of [[Martin Luther]] within the Kingdom.<ref>"Hungary", by David P. Daniel, "Hungary", in ''The Early Reformation in Europe'', ed. by Andrew Pettegree (Cambridge University Press, 1992) pp. 49–69</ref>
* [[May 6]] &ndash; In the [[Rhineland]] in Germany, the [[Knights' War]], led by [[Franz von Sickingen]] since August 27, is finally put down at [[Landstuhl]] by troops of the Holy Roman Empire as the Nanstein Castle falls.<ref>"Sickingen, Franz von", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (11th ed.)(Cambridge University Press, 1911) p. 36</ref> Sickingen, mortally wounded in the final battle, dies of his wounds the next day.
* [[May 5]] &ndash; An assassination attempt is made against [[Sigismund I the Old|King Sigismund of Poland]], who is shot at while walking outside his residence at [[Wawel Castle]] overlooking [[Kraków]].<ref>" Zamachy w Krakowie" ("Assassinations in Krakow"), by Marek Żukow-Karczewski in "Magazyn Sobota" supplement to ''Gazeta Krakowska'' (October 1994)</ref>
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Andrea Gritti]] is elected as the new [[Doge of Venice|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Venice]], 13 days after the death of [[Antonio Grimani]].<ref>"Gritti, Andrea", by Gino Benzoni, in ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' (Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2002)</ref>
* [[May 27]] &ndash; [[Swedish War of Liberation]]: [[Conquest of Kalmar|The city of Kalmar in Sweden]], occupied by troops of [[Denmark]], falls to a Swedish Army force led by [[:sv:Arvid Gustafsson Västgöte|Arvid Västgöte]] after the city's magistrates agree to leave the northern gate of the city open.<ref name=Sundberg>Ulf Sundberg, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110916191718/http://www.smb.nu/index.php/krig-1521-1611/befrielsekriget-1521-1523 "Befrielsekriget 1521-1523"] ("The War of Liberation 1521-1523"), Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek, on Archive.org</ref>  Kalmar Castle surrenders on June 4. With the fall of [[Kalmar]], only [[Stockholm]] remains as a site of the Danish occupation.
* [[May 31]] &ndash; Following the [[Battle of Sincouwaan]] at sea between the ships of the [[Ming dynasty|Chinese Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Portugal]], the Malay ambassador to China reluctantly departs from [[Guangzhou]] to present letters to the Portuguese governors of the occupied [[Malacca Sultanate]], demanding the restoration of the deposed Sultan. Though fearing execution by the Portuguese, the messengers are allowed to leave. They return in September with a plea for help from the Malay Sultan, whose territory is under attack from the Europeans.<ref name=Chang>Tien Tse Chang, (1978), ''Sino-Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources'' (E. J. Brill, 1969) pp.59-60</ref>
* [[May]] &ndash; The [[Ningbo incident]]: Two rival trade delegations from Japan feud in the Chinese city of [[Ningbo]], resulting in the pillage and plunder of the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goodrich |first1=L. Carrington |last2=Fang |first2=Chaoying |title=Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644 |date=1976 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-03801-0 |pages=1231–1232 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofming0002asso/page/1232/mode/2up?q=may |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref>
* [[June 3]] &ndash; [[Santhome Church]] is established by Portuguese explorers over the tomb of [[Saint Thomas the Apostle]] at [[Madras]] (now Chennai) in [[India]].
* [[June 6]] &ndash; [[Gustav I of Sweden|Gustav Vasa]] is elected [[king of Sweden]], finally establishing the full independence of [[Sweden]] from [[Denmark]], which marks the end of the [[Kalmar Union]]. This event is also traditionally considered to be the establishment of the modern Swedish nation.<ref>{{cite book|title=The World Factbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d11RAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA463|year=1997|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|pages=463}}</ref>
* [[June 10]] &ndash; Frederick begins the 8-day [[:da:Københavns belejring (1523)|siege of Copenhagen]], the capital of Denmark. The city surrenders on 6 January 1524.<ref name=Danmark/>
* [[June 12]]&ndash;[[July 19]] &ndash; [[Franconian War]]: The [[Swabian League]] destroys 23 [[Robber baron (feudalism)|robber baron]] castles.<ref>"Der Fränkische Krieg 1523 und die Schuld der Sparnecker" ("The Franconian War 1523 and the guilt of Sparnecker"), by B. von Reinhardt Schmalz, in ''Archiv für die Geschichte von Oberfranken'' ("Archive for the history of Upper Franconia") No. 85 (2005) p. 151</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brandi |first1=Karl |title=Deutsche Reformation und Gegenreformation |date=1927 |publisher=Quelle & Meyer |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nI8fAAAAMAAJ&q=%2223%20juli%201523%22 |access-date=28 July 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Swedish War of Liberation]]: The surrender of [[Conquest of Stockholm|Stockholm]] by Denmark is accepted by Sweden's King Gustav Vasa.<ref name=Sundberg/> In return, the city's defenders are allowed safe passage out of Sweden. King Gustav then makes his triumphant entry to the city on June 24.
* [[June 23]] &ndash; The Spanish expedition into Nicaragua ends as the Europeans arrive back in [[Panama]] in [[canoe]]s, having been forced to abandon their ships.<ref name=Melendez/>
* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[Pargali Ibrahim Pasha]] is appointed as [[List of Ottoman grand viziers|Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]] by [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref>Ebru Turan, "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (ca. 1495-1536): The Rise of Sultan Süleyman's Favorite to the Grand Vizierate and the Politics of the Elites in the Early Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire" ''Turcica'' (2009) pp. 6–9</ref> He will serve as the Ottoman administrator for almost 13 years until his sudden arrest and execution in 1536.