Editing 1285 (section)

==== Europe ====
* [[Aragonese Crusade]]: French forces led by King [[Philip III of France|Philip III]] ('''the Bold''') entrench before [[Girona]], in an attempt to besiege the city. Despite strong resistance, the city is eventually taken on [[September 7]]. Philip's son, the 15-year-old [[Charles, Count of Valois|Charles of Valois]], is crowned as king of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] (under the vassalage of the [[Holy See]]) but without an actual crown. Shortly after, the French camp is racked by an epidemic of [[dysentery]] and Philip is forced to retreat.<ref>Hallam, Elizabeth M. (1980). ''Capetian France: 987–1328'', p. 356. Longman. {{ISBN|978-0-582-40428-1}}.</ref> 
* April &ndash; Marinid forces under Sultan [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq]] cross the straits from [[Ksar es-Seghir|Alcácer Seguir]] to [[Tarifa]]. From there they advance to [[Jerez de la Frontera]], where they besiege the city. Marinids detachments are dispatched to devastate a broad area from [[Medina-Sidonia]] to [[Carmona, Spain|Carmona]], [[Vejer de la Frontera]], [[Écija]] and [[Seville]], cutting down trees, orchards, and vineyards, destroying villages, and killing or capturing many inhabitants.<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 90. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* May &ndash; King [[Sancho IV of Castile|Sancho IV]] ('''the Brave''') assembles his army at Seville and sends the Castilian fleet (some 100 ships) led by Admiral [[Benedetto I Zaccaria]] to blockade the mouth of the [[Guadalquivir|Guadalquivir River]]. Meanwhile, a Marinid detachment of 1,000 cavalry moves against Seville, routing the Castilians send out to oppose them. Turning eastward against Carmona and [[Alcalá de Guadaíra]], the Marinids burn the suburbs, harvest and ruin orchards.
* [[May 22]] &ndash; Marinid forces under Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq prolong their siege at Jerez de la Frontera. He sends his son [[Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr]] with 5,000 regulars, 2,000 cavalry, some 13,000 infantry and 2,000 archers to raid Seville and its environs on [[June 1]]. During June and early July, the Marinids assault daily Jerez while raiding parties pillage the countryside at Carmona, [[Niebla, Spain|Niebla]], Écija, Seville and [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]].<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', pp. 90–91. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* August &ndash; Castilian forces led by Sancho IV ('''the Brave''') march against the Marinids at Jerez de la Frontera. Meanwhile, Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq with his army of 18,000 cavalry and faced with dwindling supplies, decides to lift the siege after five months, on [[August 2]]. He withdraws his army to the safety of [[Algeciras]] and opens negotiations with Sancho while the Castilian fleet arrives at [[El Puerto de Santa Maria]] (or "The port of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Saint Mary]]").<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 91. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* [[September 4]] &ndash; [[Battle of Les Formigues]]: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 40 galleys) under Admiral [[Roger of Lauria]] defeats French and Genoese ships near the [[Formigues Islands]]. According to [[Johan Esteve de Bezers]], a French [[troubadour]], all prisoners but one have their eyes gouged out, and that one is left with one eye to guide the others. After the battle, Roger captures about 15 to 20 French galleys, and others are sunk or burnt.
* [[October 1]] &ndash; [[Battle of the Col de Panissars]]: Aragonese forces under King [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter III]] ('''the Great''') ambush and defeat a French expeditionary army while it was retreating over the [[Pyrenees]]. The French troops are massacred by the Aragonese vanguard at the Panissar Pass, but spared the royal family.  Philip III ('''the Bold''') arrives with his fatigued remnants in [[Perpignan]], where he dies of dysentery on [[October 5]].  
* [[November 2]] &ndash; Peter III ('''the Great''') dies after a 9-year reign at [[Vilafranca del Penedès]]. He is succeeded by his 20-year-old son [[Alfonso III of Aragon|Alfonso III]] ('''the Liberal'''), who becomes king of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]]. Peter's other son [[James II of Aragon|James II]] ('''the Just'''), is crowned ruler of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]]. His third son, the 13-year-old [[Frederick III of Sicily|Frederick]], becomes co-ruler and [[regent]] of Sicily.<ref>Williams, Hywel (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 150. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* Winter &ndash; The Mongol [[Golden Horde]] led by [[Nogai Khan]] and [[Talabuga]] attacks [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Hungary]] for the second time. They successfully subdue [[Slovakia]] and sack territory north of the [[Carpathian Mountains]].