Editing 1259 (section)

==== Europe ====
* [[September]] &ndash; [[Battle of Pelagonia]]: The [[Empire of Nicaea]] defeats the [[Principality of Achaea]], ensuring the eventual reconquest of [[Constantinople]] in [[1261]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5v3AgAAQBAJ&q=1259+battle+of+pelagonia&pg=PT30|title=Greece, the Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule from the Fall of Constantinople to Greek|last=David|first=Brewer|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2011|isbn=9780857730046|location=New York|pages=17|language=en|orig-year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rayUr0j28wC&q=1259+battle+of+pelagonia&pg=PA106|title=Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen Through Contemporary Eyes|last=Geanakoplos|first=Deno John|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1984|isbn=9780226284606|location=Chicago and London|pages=106|language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 4]] &ndash; Kings [[Louis IX of France]] and [[Henry III of England]] agree to the [[Treaty of Paris (1259)|Treaty of Paris]], in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including [[Normandy]]), in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpsEsPNHsOIC&q=1259+treaty+of+paris&pg=PA52|title=Events that Changed the World Through the Sixteenth Century|last1=Thackeray|first1=Frank W.|last2=Findling|first2=John E.|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2001|isbn=9780313290794|location=Westport, CT and London|pages=52|language=en}}</ref>
* The famous [[fresco]]es of the [[Boyana Church]] in [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]] are completed (the church and its murals are now a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQJ2DwAAQBAJ&q=1259+Boyana+Church&pg=PA167|title=Head and Neck: Morphology, Models and Function|last1=Marani|first1=Enrico|last2=Heida|first2=Ciska|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=9783319921051|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=167|language=en}}</ref>
* The German cities of [[Lübeck]], [[Wismar]], and [[Rostock]] enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the [[Baltic Sea]], laying the groundwork for the [[Hanseatic League]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfhyBgAAQBAJ&q=1259+hanseatic+league&pg=PA56|title=A Companion to the Hanseatic League|last=Hammel-Kiesow|first=Rolf|publisher=BRILL|year=2015|isbn=9789004284760|editor-last=Harreld|editor-first=Donald J.|location=Leiden and Boston|pages=56|language=en|chapter=The Early Hansas}}</ref>
* [[Nogai Khan]] leads the second [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] [[Golden Horde]] attack against [[Lithuania]], and [[Second Mongol invasion of Poland|Poland]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4NYTCgAAQBAJ&q=1259+golden+horde+lithuania+poland&pg=PA379|title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500|last=Sedlar|first=Jean W.|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2013|isbn=9780295800646|location=Seattle and London|pages=379|language=en|orig-year=1994}}</ref>
* [[Epirote–Nicaean conflict]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=1259+Epirote%E2%80%93Nicaean+conflict&pg=PA283|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|last=Tucker|first=Spencer C.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2010|isbn=9781851096725|volume=I: ca. 3000 BCE - 1499 CE|location=Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford|pages=283|language=en}}</ref>