Editing 1239 (section)

==== Europe ====
* Summer &ndash; A German expeditionary force under [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]], invades the [[Romagna]] and [[Tuscany]], hoping to capture [[Rome]]. He appoints his 21-year-old son, [[Enzo of Sardinia]], as imperial [[vicar general]] for Northern [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]]. Frederick also threatens with war against [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], which has sent ships to blockade the harbors on [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]]. In order to finance his growing need for arms, he institutes an administrative reorganization of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (among others, the formation of 10 vice regencies in Italy).
* Autumn &ndash; King [[Béla IV of Hungary]] allows some 40,000 [[Cumans]], pagan nomads fleeing the Mongols, to settle in [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Hungary]] between the rivers [[Danube]] and [[Tisza|Theiss]], after their leader, [[Köten]], has promised to convert to [[Christianity]].
* November &ndash; [[Pope Gregory IX]] grants the status of [[Crusades|Crusade]] to King [[Ferdinand III of Castile]] ("the Saint"), who leads a successful campaign against the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohads]] in [[kingdom of Murcia|Murcia]].<ref name=negotiating>{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjFacnscoBIC&q=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243|page=96}}</ref>
* King [[Louis IX of France]] ("the Saint") holds a ''[[parlement]]'' (or "court of law") at [[Paris]], for the first time recorded in ''[[Ancien Régime]]'' [[France in the Middle Ages|France]].