Editing 1231 (section)

==== Europe ====
* Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] promulgates the [[Constitutions of Melfi]] (''Liber Augustalis''), a collection of laws for [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], as well as the Edict of [[Salerno]], regulating the exercise of [[medicine]] and separating the professions of [[physician]] and [[apothecary]], and requiring medical schools to practice dissection.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rashdall|first1=Hastings|title=The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages|date=1895|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/universitieseur00unkngoog/page/n119 85]|url=https://archive.org/details/universitieseur00unkngoog|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref>
* ''[[Reconquista]]'':
** Castillian forces under King [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]] ("the Saint") re-conquer the city of [[Quesada, Spain|Quesada]].<ref name=linehan1999c>{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668–673|author=Peter Linehan|editor=David Abulafia|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}</ref>
** [[Battle of Jerez]]: Ferdinand III defeats Emir [[Ibn Hud]] of the Taifa of [[Murcia]].
* [[Peter des Roches]], Bishop of Winchester, negotiates a 3-year truce between England and France.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer|first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=80–82|isbn=978-0-7126-5616-0}}</ref>