Editing 1229 (section)

==== Sixth Crusade ====
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Jaffa (1229)|Treaty of Jaffa]]: Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] signs a 10-year truce together with Sultan [[Al-Kamil]] and his representatives; he manages to regain many parts of the [[Holy Land]] through political negotiation, rather than by resorting to military force or directly confronting the Muslim army. Frederick's achievements, including the control of [[Jerusalem]] (without the [[Temple Mount]]) and [[Bethlehem]], with a corridor running through [[Lod|Lydda]] to the sea of [[Jaffa]], as well as [[Nazareth]] and western [[Galilee]], including [[Montfort Castle]] and  [[Toron]], and the remaining Muslim districts around [[Sidon]]. All Muslims are to be allowed the right of entry in Jerusalem and freedom of worship.<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 157. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[March 17]] &ndash; Frederick II enters Jerusalem, escorted by German and Italian troops. Of the Military Orders only the [[Teutonic Order|Teutonic Knights]] are represented and some clergy. He receives the formal surrender of the city by Al-Kamil's governor (or ''[[Qadi]]''), who hands him the keys of Jerusalem. The procession then passes through streets to the old building of the Hospital (or the [[Muristan]]), where Frederick takes up his residence in the [[Christian Quarter]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 158. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[March 18]] &ndash; Frederick II crowns himself as [[King of Jerusalem]] in an impromptu ceremony in the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]. After the ceremony, he proceeds to the palace of the [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospitallers]] – where he holds a council to discuss the defense of Jerusalem. Frederick orders the [[Tower of David]] and the [[Lions' Gate|Gate of St. Stephen]] are to be repaired at once and he hands over the royal residence attached to the Tower of David to the Teutonic Order.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 158–159. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[May 1]] &ndash; Frederick II departs from [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], while he and his suite pass down the "Street of the Butchers" to the harbour, the people crowd out of the doors, and pelts him with entrails and dung. Meanwhile, [[Odo of Montbéliard]] (or '''Eudes'''), commander of the Crusader army, and [[John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut|John of Ibelin]], lord of [[Beirut]], are left behind to quell the unrest in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].<ref name="runciman-p161">Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 161. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* May &ndash; Frederick II arrives at [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]], where he attends the wedding proxy of the 12-year-old King [[Henry I of Cyprus|Henry I]] ('''the Fat''') to [[Alice of Montferrat]] – whose father is one of his staunch supporters in [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]]. On [[June 10]], Frederick lands at [[Brindisi]], where the papal army under his father-in-law [[John of Brienne]] has invaded the Italian territories in [[Campania]] (→ [[War of the Keys]]).<ref name="runciman-p161"/>
* Autumn &ndash; Frederick II recovers the lost Italian territories and tries to condemn the leading rebel barons, but avoids crossing the frontiers of the [[Papal States]]. Meanwhile, a first serious raid on Jerusalem is made by a mass of unorganized [[Beduin]]s and plunderers of pilgrims. An advance guard encouraged the Christians to expel the Muslims.<ref>Hardwicke, Mary Nickerson (1969). ''The Crusader States, 1192–1243'', p. 546. A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II.</ref>