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=== April β June === * [[April 23]] β [[William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke]], one of the enforcers of the [[Magna Carta]], marries [[Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester]], the nine-year-old daughter of the late [[John, King of England|King John of England]] and sister of [[Henry III of England|King Henry III]], in order to strengthen the Marshal family's connection with the [[House of Plantagenet]]. * [[May 5]] β King [[Louis VIII of France|Louis VIII]] (the Lion) declares war on King [[Henry III of England]]. He allies himself with [[Hugh X of Lusignan]] and invades first [[Poitou]] and then Northern [[Duchy of Gascony|Gascony]]. The English forces in Poitou are under-strength and lack support from the Poitevin nobles; as a result, the province quickly falls into French hands by the end of June.<ref>Carpenter, David (1996). ''The Reign of Henry III'', pp. 374β375. London, UK: Hambledon Press. {{ISBN|1-85285-137-6}}.</ref> * [[June 5]] β The [[University of Naples Federico II|University of Naples]] is founded by Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]. Frederick's main purpose is to create an institution of higher learning that will put an end to the predominance of the universities of northern [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]], most notably these of [[University of Bologna|Bologna]] and [[University of Padua|Padua]], which are considered either too independent or under the strong influence of Pope [[Pope Honorius III|Honorius III]]. * [[June 20]] β The siege of [[Bedford Castle]] by King Henry III of England begins.
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