Editing 1223 (section)

===April&ndash;June===
* [[April 13]] &ndash; [[Pope Honorius III]] issues a papal bull relaxing the strict rules that had applied to monks of the [[Valliscaulian Order]].<ref>Simeon Ross Macphail, ''History of the Religious House of Pluscardyn'' (Convent of the Vale of Saint Andrew, 1881) p.14</ref>
* [[April 14]] &ndash; On the island of [[Sri Lanka]], King Chodaganga Deva lands at [[Trincomalee]] on the Tamil New Year's Day (the 1st of [[Chaitra|Chittirai]] of [[Shaka era]] year 1145) and makes a large donation to fund the Hindu [[Koneswaram Temple]].<ref>K. M. de Silva and C.M. Ray, ''History of Ceylon'' (Ceylon University Press, 1959) p.112</ref> The event is commemorated in an inscription in the [[Sanskrit language]] in the temple.
* [[May 7]] &ndash; [[Henry I, Count of Schwerin]], kidnaps the [[King of Denmark]], [[Valdemar II of Denmark|Valdemar II]] and the king's 14-year-old son, [[Valdemar the Young]], after landing with a group of soldiers on the island of [[Lyø]], where King Valdemar had been hunting. King Valdemar will be held captive for three years until Easter Sunday of 1226, and released after payment of 44,000 silver marks and the surrendering of lands taken 20 years earlier in Holstein.<ref>Stuart Ellis-Gorman, ''The Medieval Crossbow: A Weapon Fit to Kill a King'' ( Pen and Sword, 2022) p.137</ref>
* [[May 15]] &ndash; The Russian army gathers on the island of [[Khortytsia]], later to become a famous [[Cossacks|Cossack]] base, at the mouth of the Dnieper River, next to modern-day [[Zaporizhzhia]] (Ukraine). The main Polovtsian forces led by Köten Khan, join the Russians here, which consist entirely of mounted archers. Compared to this, some 20,000–25,000 Mongols assemble and build a defensive encampment on the high ground, probably on the northern slopes of the Mohila Bel'mak hills, located near the [[Konka (river, Zaporizhzhia Oblast)|Konka River]].<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', p. 61. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref>
* [[May 16]] &ndash; Mstislav Mstislavich leads a small detachment of his own men, and some Polovtsians to the far bank of the Dnieper River – where they attack a part of the Mongol advance guard. The Mongols promptly fleeing into the steppes. Mstislavich pursues them and captures their commander named Gemyabek or Hamabek who seeks refuge behind a wooden fence surrounding a Polovtsian burial site. The captive's fate is sealed when the Polovtsians ask Mstislavich to hand him over – to execute.<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', pp. 61–62. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref>   
* [[May 17]] &ndash; Daniel of Galicia leads a reconnaissance in force east of the Dnieper River, using a bridge of boats. He defeats a Mongol detachment, who abandons their herds and local prisoners. Following these successful sorties, the entire Russian and Polovtsian armies start a 9 day march towards the main Mongol army. Numerous carts move across the steppes, loaded with mail, heavy armour, as well as shields, protected by Russian cavalry. The Mongol forces retreat towards the [[Kalchik|Kalka River]].<ref>John Man (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection'', p. 220. {{ISBN|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>
* [[May 31]] &ndash; [[Battle of the Kalka River]]: The Russian cavalry successfully attacks the Mongol vanguard and crosses the [[Kalka River]] in what is now Ukraine. The Polovtsian and Volhynian cavalry led by Daniel of Galicia form the Russian vanguard. Meanwhile, the army of Kiev waits on the western side of the Kalka River. The Russians fail to co-ordinate their attacks, they advance in separate formations and become divided by the Kalka River. In the afternoon, the Russian army collapses under continuous Mongol attacks.<ref>David Nicolle and Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: ''Kalka River 1223 - Genghiz Khan's Mongols invade Russia'', pp. 76-77. {{ISBN|1-84176-233-4}}.</ref>
* [[June 16]] &ndash; The Mongol General [[Subutai]] withdraws eastward after the victory at the Battle of the Kalka River, after General [[Jebe]] has died.<ref>Tony Jaques, ''Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006) p.504</ref>