Editing 1147 (section)

==== Second Crusade ====
* Late spring &ndash; An expedition of Crusaders, Englishmen together with forces from [[County of Flanders|Flanders]], [[Frisia]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] and some German polities, leaves from [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]] in [[Kingdom of England|England]] for the [[Holy Land]]. Leadership is provided by [[Hervey de Glanvill]], a Norman nobleman and constable of [[Suffolk]], who leads a fleet of some 200 ships. Bad weather forces them to take refuge at the mouth of the [[Douro|Douro River]], on the Portuguese coast, on [[June 16]]. 
* [[May]] &ndash; [[July]] &ndash; A German expeditionary force (some 20,000 men) under King [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad III]] leaves [[Regensburg]] and passes into [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Hungary]]. The German [[nobility]] is headed by Conrad's nephew and heir, [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]], duke of [[Duchy of Swabia|Swabia]]. On [[July 20]], Conrad crosses into the [[Byzantine Empire]], and reaches [[Sofia]] – where [[Michael Palaiologos (general)|Michael Palaiologos]] (a nephew of Emperor [[Manuel I Komnenos|Manuel I]]) gives Conrad an official welcome and provides the Crusaders with food.<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem'', pp. 211–212. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29876-3}}.</ref>
* [[June]] &ndash; A French expeditionary force (some 18,000 men) led by King [[Louis VII of France|Louis VII]] departs from [[Metz]] and travels through [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]]. Louis is accompanied by the French nobility and his wife, Queen [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]], heiress of [[France in the Middle Ages|France]]. At Regensburg, where the force arrives on [[June 29]], the Crusaders journey peaceably for fifteen days through Hungary and reach the Byzantine frontier at the end of August.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem'', pp. 213–214. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29876-3}}.</ref> 
* [[July 1]]&ndash;[[October 25]] &ndash; [[Siege of Lisbon]]: King [[Afonso I of Portugal]] conquers [[Lisbon]] from the [[Taifa of Badajoz]] after a four-month siege, with support of English, Flemish and German Crusaders.<ref>''King John'' by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 67.</ref> The garrison surrenders on the guarantee that their lives will be spared. The Crusaders break the terms and take part in a bloody massacre.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 210. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29876-3}}.</ref> Afonso rules from his capital at [[Coimbra]], takes [[Sintra]] and [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]], and sacks [[Palmela]].<ref name=picard2000>{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle). L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve & Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=109}}</ref>
* [[September 7]] &ndash; The German crusaders suffer a natural disaster near [[Constantinople]], when part of their encampment is swept away by a flash flood with considerable loss of life. Emperor [[Manuel I Komnenos]] orders the Crusaders to cross to [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] by the [[Dardanelles|Hellespont]]. Conrad III ignores the advice of Manuel and after some minor clashes with the Byzantines, pushes towards Constantinople.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 217. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29876-3}}.</ref>
* [[September 10]] &ndash; The German crusaders under Conrad III reach Constantinople, where there is a frosty exchange of letters between Conrad and Manuel I. The German forces make camp at [[Galata]] on the northern shore of the [[Golden Horn]]. Manuel orders that a full-scale effort must be made to transport the Germans, who are causing troubles by sacking the [[Philopatium]], across the [[Bosporus]].<ref>[[David Nicolle]] (2009). ''The Second Crusade 1148: Disaster outside Damascus'', p. 42. {{ISBN|978-1-84603-354-4}}.</ref>
* Autumn &ndash; Conrad III decides not to wait for the French and crosses the Bosporus into Asia Minor. He leads the German crusader army to [[Nicomedia]], and divides his forces into two divisions. Conrad takes the knights and his professional soldiers across Seljuk central territory while the [[Wagon train|baggage train]], pilgrims and a defending force under Bishop [[Otto of Freising]] travel along the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean coast]].<ref name="auto1147">David Nicolle (2009). ''The Second Crusade 1148: Disaster outside Damascus'', p. 46. {{ISBN|978-1-84603-354-4}}.</ref> 
* [[October 4]]&ndash;[[October 5|5]] &ndash; Louis VII arrives at Constantinople and joins with forces from [[Duchy of Savoy|Savoy]] under [[Amadeus III, Count of Savoy|Amadeus III]] (his uncle) – who have taken the land route through [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Italy]]. Louis crosses the Bosporus, and leads the French crusader army into Asia Minor – where he hears in [[Nicaea]] of Conrad's defeat at the end of October. Louis sends a military escort for Conrad and agrees to rendezvous at [[Uluabat|Lopardium]].<ref>David Nicolle (2009). ''The Second Crusade 1148: Disaster outside Damascus'', p. 37. {{ISBN|978-1-84603-354-4}}.</ref> The German crusaders under Otto of Freising follow the coastal road before turning inland, up the [[Gediz River]] valley to [[Alaşehir|Philadelphia]]. Otto's force is ambushed by the Seljuk Turks, just outside [[Laodicea on the Lycus|Laodicea]], losing many men killed or taken prisoner. Otto and the survivors struggle on to [[Antalya|Adalia]], from where they sail for the Holy Land. Others attempt to continue along the southern coast of [[Anatolia]].<ref name="auto1147"/>
* [[October 25]] &ndash; [[Battle of Dorylaeum (1147)|Battle of Dorylaeum]]: The German crusaders under Conrad III are defeated by the Seljuk Turks led by Sultan [[Mesud I]]. Conrad is forced to turn back and is wounded by arrows during the retreat to Nicaea. In Seljuk territory the Crusaders are harassed all the way and demoralised by the intensified attacks. Many of the weakest people fall behind and are captured by the Muslims.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem'', p. 220. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29876-3}}.</ref>
* [[November]] &ndash; The combined forces of Louis VII and Conrad III meet at Lopardium and march along the coastal road via [[Pergamon]] and [[Smyrna]] to [[Ephesus]], where they celebrate [[Christmas]]. Conrad, still suffering from his wounds, sails back to Constantinople to be placed under the care of Manuel's own physicians. Meanwhile, the Crusader camp is attacked by Turkish raiders near Ephesus.<ref>David Nicolle (2009). ''The Second Crusade 1148: Disaster outside Damascus'', p. 50. {{ISBN|978-1-84603-354-4}}.</ref>
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Battle of Ephesus (1147)|Battle of Ephesus]]: The French crusaders under Louis VII leave Ephesus, and ascend the [[Büyük Menderes River|Meander Valley]]. Louis is warned by messengers of Manuel that Seljuk and [[Danishmendids|Danishmendid]] forces are assembling west of Adalia. Louis ignores the advice and successfully fends off an ambush just outside Ephesus.<ref>Christopher Tyerman (2006). ''God's War: A New History of the Crusades'', p. 326. Penguin Books.</ref>