Editing Xenon (section)

=== Other ===
[[File:Xenon ion engine prototype.png|thumb|A prototype of a xenon ion engine being tested at NASA's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] | alt=A metal cylinder with electrodes attached to its side. Blue diffuse light is coming out of the tube.]]
In [[Nuclear physics|nuclear energy]] studies, xenon is used in [[bubble chamber]]s,<ref>{{cite book
| first     = Peter Louis
| last      = Galison
| date      = 1997
| title     = Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics
| page      = 339
| url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=HnRDiDtO5yoC&pg=PA339
| publisher = University of Chicago Press
| isbn      = 0-226-27917-0
}}</ref> probes, and in other areas where a high [[Molecular mass|molecular weight]] and inert chemistry is desirable. A by-product of [[nuclear weapon]] testing is the release of radioactive [[isotopes of xenon|xenon-133 and xenon-135]]. These isotopes are monitored to ensure compliance with nuclear [[Test Ban Treaty (disambiguation)|test ban treaties]],<ref>{{cite journal
| author  = Fontaine, J.-P.
| author2 = Pointurier, F.
| author3 = Blanchard, X.
| author4 = Taffary, T.
| title   = Atmospheric xenon radioactive isotope monitoring
| journal = Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
| volume  = 72
| issue   = 1–2
| pages   = 129–35
| date    = 2004
| doi     = 10.1016/S0265-931X(03)00194-2
| pmid    = 15162864
| bibcode = 2004JEnvR..72..129F
}}</ref> and to confirm nuclear tests by states such as [[North Korea]].<ref>{{cite journal
| author      = Garwin, Richard L.
| author2     = von Hippel Frank N.
| title       = A Technical Analysis: Deconstructing North Korea's October 9 Nuclear Test
| publisher   = Arms Control Association
| journal     = Arms Control Today
| volume      = 38
| issue       = 9
| date        = November 2006
| access-date = March 26, 2009
| url         = http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2006_11/tech
}}</ref>

Liquid xenon is used in [[Calorimeter (particle physics)|calorimeters]]<ref>{{cite journal
| author     = Gallucci, G.
| title      = The MEG liquid xenon calorimeter
| journal    = Journal of Physics: Conference Series
| volume     = 160
| issue      = 1
| date       = 2009
| doi        = 10.1088/1742-6596/160/1/012011
| page       = 012011
| bibcode    = 2009JPhCS.160a2011G
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> to measure [[gamma ray]]s, and as a detector of hypothetical [[weakly interacting massive particles]], or WIMPs. When a WIMP collides with a xenon nucleus, theory predicts it will impart enough energy to cause ionization and [[Scintillation (physics)|scintillation]]. Liquid xenon is useful for these experiments because its density makes dark matter interaction more likely and it permits a quiet detector through self-shielding.

Xenon is the preferred [[propellant]] for [[ion propulsion]] of [[spacecraft]] because it has low [[ionization potential]] per [[Atomic mass|atomic weight]] and can be stored as a liquid at near [[room temperature]] (under high pressure), yet easily evaporated to feed the engine. Xenon is inert, environmentally friendly, and less corrosive to an [[ion engine]] than other fuels such as [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] or [[caesium]]. Xenon was first used for satellite ion engines during the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web
| last         = Zona
| first        = Kathleen
| date         = March 17, 2006
| url          = http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs08grc.html
| title        = Innovative Engines: Glenn Ion Propulsion Research Tames the Challenges of 21st century Space Travel
| publisher    = NASA
| access-date  = October 4, 2007
| url-status   = dead
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070915023928/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs08grc.html
| archive-date = September 15, 2007
}}</ref> It was later employed as a propellant for JPL's [[Deep Space 1]] probe, Europe's [[SMART-1]] spacecraft<ref name="saccoccia">{{cite news
| last        = Saccoccia
| first       = G.
| author2     = del Amo, J. G.
| author3     = Estublier, D.
| title       = Ion engine gets SMART-1 to the Moon
| date        = August 31, 2006
| publisher   = ESA
| url         = http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/SEMLZ36LARE_0.html
| access-date = October 1, 2007
}}</ref> and for the three ion propulsion engines on NASA's [[Dawn Spacecraft]].<ref>{{cite web
| url         = http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/dawn-launch.pdf
| title       = Dawn Launch: Mission to Vesta and Ceres
| publisher   = NASA
| access-date = October 1, 2007
}}</ref>

Chemically, the [[perxenate]] compounds are used as [[oxidizing agent]]s in [[analytical chemistry]]. [[Xenon difluoride]] is used as an etchant for [[silicon]], particularly in the production of [[microelectromechanical systems]] (MEMS).<ref>{{cite conference
| last      = Brazzle
| first     = J. D.
| author2   = Dokmeci, M. R.
| author3   = Mastrangelo, C. H.
| title     = Modeling and Characterization of Sacrificial Polysilicon Etching Using Vapor-Phase Xenon Difluoride
| work      = Proceedings 17th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
| pages     = 737–40
| publisher = IEEE
| date      = August 1, 1975
| location  = Maastricht, Netherlands
| isbn      = 978-0-7803-8265-7
}}</ref> The anticancer drug [[Fluorouracil|5-fluorouracil]] can be produced by reacting xenon difluoride with [[uracil]].<ref>{{cite web
| author      = Staff
| year        = 2007
| url         = https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/bartlettnoblegases.html
| title       = Neil Bartlett and the Reactive Noble Gases
| publisher   = American Chemical Society
| access-date = June 5, 2012
}}</ref> Xenon is also used in [[X-ray crystallography|protein crystallography]]. Applied at pressures from 0.5 to 5&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|MPa]] (5 to 50&nbsp;[[atmosphere (unit)|atm]]) to a protein crystal, xenon atoms bind in predominantly [[Hydrophobe|hydrophobic]] cavities, often creating a high-quality, isomorphous, heavy-atom derivative that can be used for solving the [[phase problem]].<ref>{{cite web
| author       = Staff
| date         = December 21, 2004
| url          = http://www.srs.ac.uk/px/facilities/xenon_notes_1.html
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20050316174727/http://www.srs.ac.uk/px/facilities/xenon_notes_1.html
| archive-date = March 16, 2005
| title        = Protein Crystallography: Xenon and Krypton Derivatives for Phasing
| publisher    = Daresbury Laboratory, PX
| access-date  = October 1, 2007
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| first        = Jan
| last         = Drenth
| author-link1 = Jan Drenth
| author2      = Mesters, Jeroen
| chapter      = The Solution of the Phase Problem by the Isomorphous Replacement Method
| pages        = [https://archive.org/details/principlesprotei00dren_066/page/n134 123]–171
| doi          = 10.1007/0-387-33746-6_7
| title        = Principles of Protein X-Ray Crystallography
| url          = https://archive.org/details/principlesprotei00dren_066
| url-access   = limited
| publisher    = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]
| location     = New York
| isbn         = 978-0-387-33334-2
| edition      = 3rd
| year         = 2007
}}</ref>
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