Editing Violence (section)

=== Interpersonal violence ===
A review of scientific literature by the [[World Health Organization]] on the effectiveness of strategies to prevent interpersonal violence identified the seven strategies below as being supported by either strong or emerging evidence for effectiveness.<ref>[https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/4th_milestones_meeting/publications/en/ "Violence Prevention: the evidence"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830082343/http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/4th_milestones_meeting/publications/en/ |date=2012-08-30 }}, World Health Organization/Liverpool John Moores University, 2009.</ref> These strategies target risk factors at all four levels of the ecological model.

==== Child–caregiver relationships ====
Among the most effective such programmes to prevent child maltreatment and reduce childhood aggression are the Nurse Family Partnership home-visiting programme<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Olds DL, Sadler L, Kitzman H | year = 2007| title = Programs for parents of infants and toddlers: recent evidence from randomized trials | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry | volume = 48| issue = 3–4| pages = 355–91 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01702.x | pmid=17355402| s2cid = 1083174}}</ref> and the [[Triple P (Parenting Program)]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Prinz | year = 2009 | title = Population-based prevention of child maltreatment: the US Triple P system population trial | journal = Prevention Science | volume = 10| issue = 1| pages = 1–12| doi = 10.1007/s11121-009-0123-3 | pmid = 19160053 |display-authors=etal| pmc =4258219}}</ref> There is also emerging evidence that these programmes reduce convictions and violent acts in adolescence and early adulthood, and probably help decrease intimate partner violence and self-directed violence in later life.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Caldera D, etal | year = 2007 | title = Impact of a statewide home visiting program on parenting and on child health and development | journal = Child Abuse and Neglect | volume = 31 | issue = 8| pages = 829–52 | doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.02.008| pmid = 17822765 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Caldera | year = 1997 | title = Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect: 15 year follow-up of a randomized trial | doi = 10.1001/jama.1997.03550080047038 | journal = Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 278 | issue = 8| pages = 637–43 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

==== Life skills in youth ====
Evidence shows that the [[life skills]] acquired in social development programmes can reduce involvement in violence, improve social skills, boost educational achievement and improve job prospects. Life skills refer to social, emotional, and behavioural competencies which help children and adolescents effectively deal with the challenges of everyday life.

==== Gender equality ====
Evaluation studies are beginning to support community interventions that aim to prevent [[violence against women]] by promoting [[gender equality]]. For instance, evidence suggests that programmes that combine microfinance with gender equity training can reduce intimate partner violence.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pronyk PM, etal | year = 2006| title = Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: a cluster randomised trial | journal = Lancet | volume = 368| issue = 9551| pages = 1973–83 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69744-4 | pmid=17141704| s2cid = 14146492}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim JC, Watts CH, Hargreaves JR, etal | year = 2007| title = Understanding the impact of a microfinance-based intervention on women's empowerment and the reduction of intimate partner violence in South Africa | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 97| issue = 10| pages = 1794–1802 | doi=10.2105/ajph.2006.095521 | pmid=17761566 | pmc=1994170}}</ref> School-based programmes such as Safe Dates programme in the United States of America<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Foshee VA, etal | year = 1998| title = An evaluation of safe dates an adolescent dating violence prevention programme | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 1998 | issue = 88| pages = 45–50 | doi=10.2105/ajph.88.1.45| pmc = 1508378 | pmid=9584032}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Foshee| year = 2005 | title = Safe Dates" using random coefficient regression modelling | journal = Prevention Science | volume = 6 | issue = 3| pages = 245–57 |display-authors=etal| doi = 10.1007/s11121-005-0007-0 | pmid = 16047088 | s2cid = 21288936 }}</ref> and the Youth Relationship Project in Canada<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wolfe D, etal | year = 2009 | title = Dating violence prevention with at risk youth: a controlled outcome evaluation | journal = Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology | volume = 71 | issue = 2| pages = 279–91 | doi=10.1037/0022-006x.71.2.279| pmid = 12699022 | s2cid = 11004108 }}</ref> have been found to be effective for reducing dating violence.

==== Cultural norms ====
Rules or expectations of behaviour – norms – within a cultural or social group can encourage violence. Interventions that challenge cultural and [[social norms]] supportive of violence can prevent acts of violence and have been widely used, but the evidence base for their effectiveness is currently weak. The effectiveness of interventions addressing [[dating violence]] and [[sexual abuse]] among teenagers and young adults by challenging social and cultural norms related to gender is supported by some evidence.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Fabiano P | year = 2003 | title = Engaging men as social justice allies in ending violence against women: evidence for a social norms approach | journal = Journal of American College Health | volume = 52 | issue = 3| pages = 105–12 | doi=10.1080/07448480309595732| pmid = 14992295 | s2cid = 28099487 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>Bruce S. The "A Man" campaign: marketing social norms to men to prevent sexual assault. The report on social norms. Working paper number 5. July 2002. Little Falls, NJ, PaperClip Communications, 2002.</ref>

==== Support programmes ====
Interventions to identify victims of interpersonal violence and provide effective care and support are critical for protecting health and breaking cycles of violence from one generation to the next. Examples for which evidence of effectiveness is emerging includes: screening tools to identify victims of intimate partner violence and refer them to appropriate services;<ref>{{cite journal | author = Olive P | year = 2007 | title = Care for emergency department patients who have experienced domestic violence: a review of the evidence base | journal = Journal of Clinical Nursing | volume = 16 | issue = 9| pages = 1736–48 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01746.x| pmid = 17727592 | s2cid = 37110679 }}</ref> psychosocial interventions—such as trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy—to reduce [[Violence and mental illness|mental health problems associated with violence]], including post-traumatic stress disorder;<ref>{{cite journal | author = Roberts GL | year = 1997 | title = Impact of an education program about domestic violence on nurses and doctors in an Australian emergency department | journal = Journal of Emergency Nursing | volume = 23 | issue = 3| pages = 220–26 | doi=10.1016/s0099-1767(97)90011-8| pmid = 9283357 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> and protection orders, which prohibit a perpetrator from contacting the victim,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Holt VL, etal | year = 2003| title = Do protection orders affect the likelihood of future partner violence and injury? | journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine | volume = 2003 | issue = 24| pages = 16–21 | doi=10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00576-7| pmid = 12554019| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=McFarlane J, etal | year = 2004| title = Protection orders and intimate partner violence: an 18-month study of 150 Black, Hispanic, and White women | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 2004 | issue = 94| pages = 613–18 | doi=10.2105/ajph.94.4.613| pmc = 1448307 | pmid=15054014}}</ref> to reduce repeat victimization among victims of intimate partner violence.