Editing Ukrainian language (section)

===Grammar===
{{Further|Ukrainian grammar}}

Ukrainian is a [[fusional language|fusional]], [[Nominative–accusative alignment|nominative–accusative]], [[verb framing|satellite-framed]] language. It exhibits [[T–V distinction]], and is [[null-subject language|null-subject]]. The canonical word order of Ukrainian is [[subject–verb–object|SVO]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wals.info/refdb/record/Stechishin-1958 |title=Stechishin-1958 |publisher=Wals.info |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011112132/http://wals.info/refdb/record/Stechishin-1958 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other [[word order]]s are common due to the free word order enabled by Ukrainian's [[inflection]]al system.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

Nouns have one of 3 [[grammatical gender|genders]]: masculine, feminine, neuter; nouns [[declension|decline]] for:{{cn|date=June 2024}}
* 7 [[grammatical cases|cases]]: [[nominative]], [[accusative]], [[genitive]], [[dative]], [[instrumental case|instrumental]], [[locative case|locative]], [[vocative]];
* 2 [[grammatical number|numbers]]: [[grammatical number#singular vs plural|singular]], [[plural]].

[[Adjective]]s [[agreement (linguistics)|agree]] with nouns in gender, [[grammatical case|case]], and [[grammatical number|number]].{{cn|date=June 2024}}

Verbs [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugate]] for:{{cn|date=June 2024}}
* 4 [[grammatical tense|tenses]]: [[past tense|past]], [[pluperfect]]<!-- According to the wording of the Ukrainian orthography (2019 edition), the Ukrainian language has a past tense (минулий час) and a long past tense (давноминулий час). It is determined that these are two different times. -->, [[present tense|present]], [[future tense|future]];
* 2 [[grammatical voice|voices]]: [[active voice|active]], [[mediopassive voice|mediopassive]];
* 3 [[grammatical person|persons]]: first, second, third;
* 2 [[grammatical number|numbers]]: [[grammatical number#singular vs plural|singular]], [[plural]].

Ukrainian verbs come in [[Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages|aspect pairs]]: [[perfective aspect|perfective]], and [[imperfective aspect|imperfective]]. Pairs are usually formed by a [[prepositional]] prefix and occasionally a [[apophony|root change]]. The [[past tense]] agrees with its [[subject (grammar)|subject]] in number and gender (but ''not'' [[Grammatical person|person]]), having developed from the [[perfect (grammar)|perfect]] [[participle]].{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

The Old East Slavic and Russian ''o'' in syllables ending in a consonant, often correspond to a Ukrainian ''i'', as in ''pod'' → ''pid'' (під, 'under'). Thus, in the declension of nouns, the ''o'' can re-appear when it is no longer located in a closed syllable, such as ''rik'' (рік, 'year') ([[nominative case|nom]]): ''rotsi'' ([[locative case|loc]]) (році). Similarly, some words can have ''і'' in some cases when most of the cases have ''o'', for example ''слово'' (nominative singular), ''слова'' (nominative plural) but ''слiв'' (genitive plural).{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

Ukrainian case endings are somewhat different from Old East Slavic, and the vocabulary includes a large overlay of Polish terminology. Russian ''na pervom etaže'' 'on the first floor' is in the locative (prepositional) case. The Ukrainian corresponding expression is ''na peršomu poversi'' (на першому поверсі). ''-omu'' is the standard locative (prepositional) ending, but variants in ''-im'' are common in dialect and poetry, and allowed by the standards bodies. The ''kh'' of Ukrainian ''poverkh'' (поверх) has mutated into ''s'' under the influence of the soft vowel ''i'' (''k'' is similarly mutable into ''c'' in final positions).{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}