Editing Turkish language (section)

==== Noun phrases (''tamlama'') ====

Two nouns, or groups of nouns, may be joined in either of two ways:

* definite (possessive) compound (''belirtili tamlama''). E.g. ''Türkiye'nin sesi'' "the voice of Turkey (radio station)": the voice belonging to Turkey. Here the relationship is shown by the genitive ending ''-in''<sup>4</sup> added to the first noun; the second noun has the third-person suffix of possession {{lang|tr|-(s)i}}<sup>4</sup>.
* indefinite (qualifying) compound (''belirtisiz tamlama''). E.g. ''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'' "Turkey-Republic{{efn|Lewis points out that "an indefinite izafet group can be turned into intelligible (though not necessarily normal) English by the use of a hyphen".<ref name=lewis2001/>{{rp|42}}}} = the Republic of Turkey": not the republic belonging to Turkey, but the Republic that is Turkey. Here the first noun has no ending; but the second noun has the ending {{lang|tr|(s)i}}<sup>4</sup>—the same as in definite compounds.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

The following table illustrates these principles.<ref name=lewis2001>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|title=Turkish Grammar|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-19-870036-9}}</ref>{{rp|41–47}} In some cases, the constituents of the compounds are themselves compounds; for clarity these subsidiary compounds are marked with [square brackets]. The suffixes involved in the linking are underlined. If the second noun group already had a possessive suffix (because it is a compound by itself), no further suffix is added.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:1em;"
|+ Linked nouns and noun groups
|-
! Definite (possessive) || Indefinite (qualifier) || Complement || Meaning
|-
| ''kimse<u>nin</u>'' || || ''yanıt<u>ı</u>'' || nobody's answer
|-
| || ''"kimse"'' || ''yanıt<u>ı</u>'' || the answer "nobody"
|-
| ''Atatürk'<u>ün</u>'' || || ''ev<u>i</u>'' || Atatürk's house
|-
| || ''Atatürk'' || ''Bulvar<u>ı</u>'' || [[Atatürk Boulevard]] (named after, not belonging to Atatürk)
|-
| ''Orhan'<u>ın</u>'' || || ''ad<u>ı</u>'' || Orhan's name
|-
| || ''"Orhan"'' || ''ad<u>ı</u>'' || the name "Orhan"
|-
| || ''r'' || ''sessiz<u>i</u>'' || the consonant ''r''
|-
| [''r sessizi'']''<u>nin</u>'' || || ''söyleniş<u>i</u>'' || pronunciation of the consonant ''r''
|-
| || ''Türk'' || [''Dil Kurumu''] || Turkish Language-Association
|-
| || [''Türk Dili''] || ''Dergi<u>si</u>'' || Turkish-Language Magazine
|-
| || ''Ford'' || [''aile arabası''] || Ford family car
|-
| ''Ford'<u>un</u>'' || || [''aile arabası''] || (Mr) Ford's family car
|-
| [''Ford ailesi'']''<u>nin</u>'' || || ''araba<u>sı</u>'' || the Ford family's car{{efn|For other possible permutations of this vehicle, see Lewis (2001):46.<ref name=lewis2001/>}}
|-
| || ''Ankara'' || [''Kız Lisesi'']{{efn|"It is most important to note that the third-person suffix is not repeated though theoretically one might have expected ''Ankara [Kız Lisesi]<u>si</u>''.<ref name=lewis2001/>{{rp|45 footnote}}}} || Ankara Girls' School
|-
| || [''yıl sonu''] || ''sınavlar<u>ı</u>'' || year-end examinations
|-
| ''Bulgaristan'<u>ın</u>'' || || [''İstanbul Başkonsolosluğu''] || the Istanbul Consulate-General of Bulgaria (located in Istanbul, but belonging to Bulgaria)
|-
| || [ [''İstanbul Üniversitesi''] [''Edebiyat Fakültesi''] ] || [ [''Türk Edebiyatı''] ''Profesörü''] || Professor of Turkish Literature in the Faculty of Literature of the University of Istanbul
|-
| || ''ne oldum'' || ''deli<u>si</u>'' || "what-have-I-become!"{{efn|Note the similarity with the French phrase ''un m'as-tu-vu'' "a have-you-seen-me?", i.e., a vain and pretentious person.}} madman = [[parvenu]] who gives himself airs
|}

As the last example shows, the qualifying expression may be a substantival sentence rather than a noun or noun group.{{efn|The term ''substantival sentence'' is Lewis's.<ref name=lewis2001/>{{rp|257}}}}

There is a third way of linking the nouns where both nouns take no suffixes (''takısız tamlama''). However, in this case the first noun acts as an adjective,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Demir |first=Celal |date=2007 |title=Türkiye Türkçesi Gramerlerinde İsim Tamlaması Sorunu ve Bir Tasnif Denemesi |trans-title=The Problem of Adjective in Turkish: An Attempt of Classification |url=http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/YENI%20TURK%20DILI/celal_demir_gramer_isim_tamlamasi_sorunu.pdf |journal=Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi [Journal of Turkish World Studies] |language=tr |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=27–54 |access-date=2013-03-29 |archive-date=2013-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230603/http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/YENI%20TURK%20DILI/celal_demir_gramer_isim_tamlamasi_sorunu.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> e.g. ''Demir kapı'' (iron gate), ''elma yanak'' ("apple cheek", i.e. red cheek), ''kömür göz'' ("coal eye", i.e. black eye) :